Overtopping Failure of Moraine Dams under Action of Earthquake-Induced Resonant Water Surges
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摘要: 为了研究冰碛坝在地震共振涌浪作用下的漫顶溃决机制，设计了振动台造波模型实验. 首先，通过对比实验获取了地震共振涌浪运动规律和最大波高的影响因素，并通过量纲分析建立了共振条件下涌浪最大波高计算公式；其次，依据非均匀沙起动临界水头高度与溃坝输沙临界水量条件，建立涌浪作用下堰塞坝漫顶溃决临界条件与溃决风险评估程式；最后，以帕隆藏布流域川藏铁路交通廊道沿线34个小型冰碛堰塞湖为例说明评估程式的作业流程. 研究结果表明：地震触发小型水体共振时涌浪运动幅度远超同等条件下的非共振涌浪幅度，且地震作用停止后涌浪波幅缓慢衰减，在共振涌浪时程曲线中存在稳态幅值持续运动阶段；当考虑地震共振效应后，帕隆藏布流域危险冰碛湖数量由3增至11，并在地震动水平地震加速度（PGA）较小区域均有分布；研究可为川藏铁路等沿线堰塞湖地震溃坝风险评估提供科学依据.Abstract: Shaking table model experiments were designed to study the overtopping failure mechanism of moraine dams under action of earthquake-induced resonant water surges (ERWSs). Firstly, movements of earthquake-triggered surges under resonant and non-resonant conditions were compared to examine the main influencing factors of maximum height of ERWSs, and a prediction equation for the maximum height was proposed through dimensional analysis. Then, based on the critical water head condition for coarse particle initiation and the critical water volume condition for sediment transportation in dam break, critical conditions of overtopping failure for barrier dams under water surge actions were established and a risk assessment procedure was developed. Finally, taking the 34 small-scale moraine-dammed lakes located in the Parlung Zangbo River basin as examples, the operation of the proposed procedure was demonstrated. Results show that compared with non-resonant surges, ERWSs have greater amplitudes and a much slower process of attenuation with time, and a steady state with continuous large-amplitude wave motion exists in the time history of the resonant surge. When the seismic resonance effect is considered, the number of dangerous moraine-dammed lakes in the Parlung Zangbo River basin increases from 3 to 11, and the distribution extends to the areas with smaller peak ground acceleration (PGA). The results provide a scientific basis for seismic risk assessment of barrier lakes along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway.
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Key words:
- earthquake /
- surges /
- resonance /
- moraine-dammed lake /
- overtopping failure
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图 2 白噪声激励下涌浪波高时程傅立叶幅值谱
Figure 2. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum of wave height time history due to white noise excitation
图 3 E1地震波及相应的非共振涌浪时程曲线（水深30.0 cm）
Figure 3. E1 earthquake wave and the induced non-resonant water wave (water depth = 30.0 cm)
图 4 E2地震波及相应的共振涌浪时程曲线（水深30 cm）
Figure 4. E2 earthquake wave and the induced resonant water wave (water depth = 30 cm)
图 5 不同水深条件下地震共振涌浪最大波高随PGA变化
Figure 5. Variations of maximum wave elevation with increasing PGA at different water depths
图 7 涌浪作用下堰塞坝溃决风险评估程式
Figure 7. Risk assessment procedure for the overtopping failure of natural dams due to earthquake-induced water waves
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