西南交通大学学报

Frontiers and Challenges of Sciences and Technologies in Modern Railway Engineering

ZHAI Wanming, ZHAO Chunfa

2016, 29(2): 209-226. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.001

[Abstract](1564)

Abstract:
The article reviews the most recent developments in China and abroad in four key fields of modern railway engineering: high-speed railway, heavy-haul railway, urban rail transit and maglev transport, with particular emphasis on the status and position of Chinese railways in the world. Focusing on the safety, reliability and environmental suitability of railway transportation system, key frontier problems and challenges of sciences and technologies in the domains of high-speed railway, heavy-haul railway, urban rail transit and maglev transport are pointed out, respectively, which provides valuable references for future researches, and is especially helpful for the rapid development of Chinese high-speed railways and urban rail transits.

Dynamic Evaluation Index System for Spatial Alignment of High-Speed Railway

WANG Kaiyun, LÜ, Kaikai

2016, 29(2): 227-235. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.002

[Abstract](683)

Abstract:
To study overall characteristics of the wheel-rail dynamic interaction in the spatial alignment of high-speed railways, a method for researching the dynamic evaluation index system for spatial alignment of high-speed railways was proposed based on vehicle-track coupled dynamics theory, in which dynamic responses of the vehicle system and track system were taken into consideration comprehensively. Using high-speed railway plane and profile parameters, sensitive dynamic indicators of track alignment were determined and the evaluation indexes of track alignment were established. Taking the evaluation for profile alignment of high-speed railway as an example, the application and implementation of the proposed method was introduced in detail, and some suggestions were further put forward for the parameter design of high-speed railway profile alignment. The result shows that, in the design process of railway alignment with a speed of 350 km/h, smaller slope and larger vertical curve radius should be adopted as the priority principle, and the length of intermediate grade section should be not less than 300 m.

Frequency-Dependent Characteristics of Air Spring

CHI Maoru, GAO Hongxing, ZHANG Weihua, ZENG Jing, WU Pingbo

2016, 29(2): 236-243. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.003

[Abstract](750)

Abstract:
In order to study the influence of different physical parameters of an air spring on its dynamic characteristics, a quarter-car model consistent with experimental conditions was set up using the simulation software ASDS that is based on the TPL-ASN air spring model. With the model, influence laws of orifice diameter, connecting pipe diameter and length, auxiliary reservoir volume, and air spring bellow volume on frequency-dependent characteristics was simulated and analyzed. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The results show that the TPL-ASN model can accurately simulate the nonlinear characteristics of an air spring with different physical parameters at different excitation frequencies. The influence of the orifice and connecting pipe on dynamic characteristics of air spring is mainly reflected in the middle frequency range, and is less affected in low and high frequency ranges. The influence of the auxiliary reservoir volume on dynamic characteristics of air spring is mainly reflected in low and middle frequency ranges, and is less affected in the high frequency range. The influence of the air spring bellow volume on dynamic characteristics is mainly reflected in middle and high frequency ranges, and is less affected in the low frequency range.

Generation Mechanism for Plolygonalization of Wheel Treads of High-Speed Trains

CHEN Guangxiong, CUI Xiaolu, WANG Ke

2016, 29(2): 244-250. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.004

[Abstract](660)

Abstract:
In order to understand the generation mechanism for plolygonalization of wheel treads of high-speed trains and to suppress the polygonal wear of wheel treads, a friction-induced self-excited vibration model for wheelset-track system consisting of a wheelset and two rails was set up based on the fact that a wheel probably slips on a rail because of the saturated wheel-rail creep force when a speed-governing brake is applied in rain or snow. With this model, a numerical simulation on the occurrence propensity of the friction-induced self-excited vibration of the wheelset-track system was made. The result shows that when wheels slip on rails in the braking process of trains, the friction-induced self-excited vibration of the wheelset-track system easily occurs. The vibration probably induces plolygonalization of wheel treads. Several factors affecting plolygonalization of wheel treads are analyzed. It is proposed that preventing the wheel from slipping on the rail is a key precaution to suppress plolygonalization of wheel treads. Increasing the damping of the rail fastener is helpful to suppress plolygonalization of wheel treads.

Development and Challenge of Digital Design of High-Speed Trains in China

DING Guofu, JIANG Jie, ZHANG Haizhu, MA Xiaojie, LI Rong, ZOU Yisheng, ZHANG Jian

2016, 29(2): 251-263. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.005

[Abstract](717)

Abstract:
The digital research of high-speed trains is an important means to help break through the key theories and technologies, and also a means to adapt to the rapid customization of personalized and diversified demands. Digitalization-based network, information and intelligence are the future direction of development of high-speed trains. Along with the switch from technology introduction to comprehensive independent innovations, the R D of high-speed trains in China transit from the digital design and simulation in a single subject to the direction of coupled system simulation; and design of high-speed trains transits from a pure product design to the modeling and simulation of trains in the whole life cycle, an integrated and optimized design process based on a digital platform. This process is mainly realized by comprehensive use of computer simulation, virtual prototype, design automation, and demand-oriented design technologies. However, there also exist problems such as cost uncertainty, insufficient network integration, and lack of human-centered care. The future R D of high-speed trains will be accomplished on a digital platform based on integrated virtual experiment, whole life cycle of data mining, cost control, ergonomics, knowledge management and reuse technology, etc., which will be further combined with network technologies such as mobile terminals, to realize an open R D.

Review of Rail Corrugation Progress

JIN Xuesong, LI Xia, LI Wei, WEN Zefeng

2016, 29(2): 264-273. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.006

[Abstract](932)

Abstract:
Rail corrugation leads to fierce vibration, strong noise and fatigue of vehicle and track, and discomfort for passengers. Severe corrugation may cause derailment accident. This paper briefly introduces the distribution of railway rail corrugation all over the world and its basic characteristics, and presents the rail corrugation characteristics and structure features of heavy haul track, high-speed railway, subway and urban mass rail in China. Then, it reviews the history of rail corrugation study, and focuses on the recent advances in the theoretical models to understand the formation mechanism of rail corrugation for the past 40 years. Finally, the paper discusses the drawbacks of these models, and the current adopted measures for curing rail corrugation in China. The outlook of rail corrugation study is provided.

Research on Wheel/Rail Rolling Contact at High Speed and Fatigue Crack Propagation in Rail

JIANG Xiaoyu, LI Xiaotao, LI Xu, CAO Shihao

2016, 29(2): 274-281. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.007

[Abstract](642)

Abstract:
To analyze the rolling contact fatigue damage of wheel/rail for high-speed trains, the distribution of contact forces between wheel and rail was obtained by introducing the strain-rate effect. Based on the maximum circumferential stress, the possible propagation angle of the crack was counted when a wheel roll over a crack and the crack propagation directions were determined. According to the Weibull distribution, crack path was obtained by using the average crack propagation angle as the crack propagation direction. The results show that the crack mode becomes to sliding crack from opening crack for low-speed trains. The crack mode is always opening crack for high-speed trains. The crack propagation velocity for high-speed trains is faster than that of low-speed trains. The simulation crack path is in agreement with the experimental crack path, which proves that it is reasonable to use the average crack propagation as crack propagation direction.

Research and Prospects of Simulation Experiment on Wheel/Rail Fatigue Damage

LIU Qiyue, HE Chenggang, HUANG Yubin, MA Lei, WANG Wenjian

2016, 29(2): 282-290. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.008

[Abstract](672)

Abstract:
The wheel/rail fatigue damage significantly influences the operation safety of high-speed and heavy-haul railways. The research obtains widespread attention. This paper summarized main research methods of the wheel/rail fatigue damage. It was noted that the simulation experiment had became an important research method for the wheel/rail fatigue damage. Experimental results of the wheel/rail fatigue damage by the wheel/rail simulation machine in the wheel/rail group of Southwest Jiaotong University were introduced in detail. The key factors affecting surface fatigue damage of the wheel/rail were analyzed,the formation and propagation rules of subsurface fatigue damage of the wheel/rail materials were clarified. The effect of low temperature in the wheel/rail fatigue damage was explored. In conclusion, the future studies in the wheel/rail materials fatigue damage in China will be proposed under complex conditions(high cold, high temperature, high humidity, rain and snow, sand blown by wind, fog and haze, catkin).

Characteristics and Application of Urban Rubber-Tyred Self-Steering Trams

LI Fu, YANG Yang

2016, 29(2): 291-299. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.009

[Abstract](705)

Abstract:
The application and development of urban rubber-tyred self-steering trams across the world are reviewed. Taking as examples the typical rubber-tired Translohr tram in France, the straddle monorail vehicle in Chongqing, China, the suspended monorail vehicle SAFEGE in Chiba, Japan and the rubber-tired metro MP in France, the technical characteristics, running gear and related research status of rubber-tyred vehicles are analyzed. Currently, researches on urban rubber-tyred trams are focused on the guide mechanism, dynamic performance and guide structure innovations. Compared with the traditional electric vehicles, urban rubber-tyred self-steering vehicles have the advantages of less noise, higher gradeability (nearly a 50% increase), smaller curving radius and smaller footprint; and hence can save urban land use and increase the adaptability to different urban terrains, with a medium transport capacity. However, the research and application of urban rubber-tyred self-steering vehicles in China are still in the initial stage. Further research should be focused on mitigation of tyre wear, design of reliable and efficient guide structures, and formulation of relevant standards. Experiences of operating Translohr tram in Zhangjiang (Shanghai) and Straddle type monorail in Chongqing indicate that realization of domestic manufacturing of the vehicles' key components is the prerequisite for the sustainable development of rubber-tyred self-steering trams in China.

Discontinuous Deformation Analysis Method and Its Applications to Disaster Prevention

ZHAO Xingquan, ZHANG Yingbin, CHEN Guangqi, YU Pengcheng, HUAGN Xiaofu, CHEN Yanyan

2016, 29(2): 300-312. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.010

[Abstract](620)

Abstract:
In order to explore the characteristics of geological hazards induced by earthquake, the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) was used to simulate the failure processes of rock collapses, landslides, and breakwaters under the earthquake loading. Particularly, the influence of the earthquake loading on hazard processes and motions was studied, and new modules were integrated into the current DDA code to obtain the interaction forces. The results show that DDA can be applied to evaluation of landslide mass mobility. The vertical ground motion can remarkably amplify the mobility in the near-fault area. DDA has advantage in the whole-process simulation of landslide induced by earthquake. The simulation results can reflect the characteristics of the failure processes of collapses, landslides and breakwaters faithfully. In addition, DDA is also able to calculate the impact force of failure masses on structures. The peak value of the impact force is much larger than the static lateral pressure, and is four times more than the static lateral pressure in the case study. Hence, the DDA can provide technical guidance for site selection and design of disaster protection from the perspective of reliability and economy.

Self-Organized Criticality of Mountain System Catastrophic Behaviors

YAO Lingkan, HUANG Yidan

2016, 29(2): 313-330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.011

[Abstract](643)

Abstract:
In order to study the macro-dynamic behavior of mountain systems, a view point was proposed by Davis's theory of the erosion cycle that valleys in late childhood or mountains in middle adulthood have intrinsic properties of self-organized criticality(SOC). Based on Strahler's integral, a method for distinguishing landform development stages in a large basin is established. For landslides triggered by earthquake, the data of landslides collected in earthquake zones were analyzed, a cellular automata model was built, and shaking table experiments were performed. As a result, an evolution law of landslides distribution in different seismic intensity zones was revealed. Specifically, there exists a strong negative power-law relationship between the sizes and frequencies of landslides in zones with seismic intensity Ⅶ, Ⅷ and Ⅸ; the relationship becomes a weak power law in zones with seismic intensity Ⅹ, and changes into a lognormal distribution in zones with seismic intensity Ⅺ. Finally, applications of SOC to soil depth assessment under earthquake disturbance, extreme runoff calculation in debris flow control design, and crustal stress evaluation based on the seismic activity parameter b-value, are introduced through three case studies.

Some Key Problems on Debris Flow in Wenchuan Earthquake Area

HU Xiewen, HAN Mei, LIANG Jingxuan, WANG Yan, HONG Meiling

2016, 29(2): 331-340. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.012

[Abstract](689)

Abstract:
After the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008, some initial treatments, such as silt dams and drainage ditches which were built in debris flow gullies in the earthquake area for debris control, showed a poor performance and went into a failure condition because of the underestimated launch quantity of loose material resource, the insufficient design capacity of the silt dams, and the small cross sections of drainage grooves. To deal with these problems, the formation characteristics and outbreak regularities of debris flow in the earthquake area were analyzed, and a systematic summary of experience was obtained from the lesson of insufficient understanding of the continuous, massive, and group-occurring of the debris flow. There are some significant differences between the earthquake debris flow and general debris flow in the starting mechanism, block and break, lasting time and break-out quantity of loose materials, and so on. Through the engineering practices in exploration, design and management of two giant debris flow in 2010 and 2013, some experiences are summarized as follows: (1) reasonably determine the blocking collapse coefficient and the discharge of debris flow; (2) put forward effective treatment plans according to different types of debris flows and the preserved objects; for example, effectively combine the block, slope reinforcement, drainage ditches and silting field; (3) reasonably distribute the effective height and number of silt dams; and, (4) choose reasonable structure types for dams, such as entity dam, crack dam and comb dam. The above experience has been successfully applied and verified effective in the investigation, design and management projects of large debris flows in Wenjiagou gully in Qingping town of Mianzhu County, Hongchungou gully, Qipangou gully and Taoguangou gully in Wenchuan County, and Lenmugou gully in Baoxing County.

Numerical Simulation of Wind Characteristics over Bridge Site Near Y-shaped River Junction in Mountainous Area

LI Yongle, TI Zilong, WANG Bin, LIAO Haili

2016, 29(2): 341-348. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.013

[Abstract](651)

Abstract:
To study the wind field characteristics in bridge site under the influence of Y-shaped river junction in mountainous areas, a long-span suspension bridge built over a deep-cutting gorge near a Y-shaped river junction is regarded as a typical example and a numerical model for the wind field distribution of the bridge site with complex terrain is established by computation fluid dynamics (CFD) method. According to comparative analysis of 36 cases in different groups, the influence laws of Y-shaped river junction on the average wind velocity, wind attack angle, wind profile, and wind velocity amplification factor along the bridge deck in different flow directions are discussed, and the effect of river diversion and flow around mountains at the junction are analyzed. The results show that unlike the wind characteristics in ordinary deep gorges, influenced by Y-shaped river junction, the maximum increase in the average wind velocities is up to 24m/s, the wind attack angles are mainly negative, and a large velocity amplification factor up to 1.13 occurs. The effect of river diversion and flow around mountains at the junction can lead to a large wind velocity difference on beam.

Field Measurement Study on Wind Characteristics at Puli Great Bridge Site in Mountainous Area

HUANG Guoqing, PENG Liuliu, LIAO Haili, LI Mingshui

2016, 29(2): 349-356. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.014

[Abstract](619)

Abstract:
To obtain the wind characteristics in mountainous area, the wind field measurement at Puli Great Bridge site was conducted. A data collection system for high-frequency wind speed based on wireless transmission was developed. The mean wind characteristic was analyzed. The non-stationarity and non-gaussianity of the fluctuating wind were investigated. The results show that the new system has the advantages of real-time transmission, low cost and no field monitoring compared with the traditional method. The majority of strong wind occurs from February to April annually in the southwest direction. The proportion of the thunderstorm is about 15%among the selected strong wind during the field measurement. The wind attack angle varies from -10 to 0 degrees. The wind profile index ranges from 0 to 0.14,and the mean value of the probability density distribution is 0.56 which is less than 0.12, its minimum in the specification. It illustrates that the wind profile in the mountainous area cannot be well described by the specification. The wind speed sample with both non-stationarity and non-guassianity is measured in the mountainous area, and its instantaneous maximum speed can reach to 22.0 m/s.

Theories and Engineering Practices of High-Speed Railway Turnout System: Survey and Review

WANG Ping, CHEN Rong, XU Jingmang, MA Xiaochuan, WANG Jian

2016, 29(2): 357-372. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.015

[Abstract](852)

Abstract:
In order to promote the development of the high-speed railway turnout industry, the academic research situation, problems, concrete countermeasures and development trend in the field of the international high-speed railway turnout were reviewed systematically, including the components selection and structures design idea, the high-speed train/turnout coupling dynamic analysis, the design method of jointless turnout on different track foundation, the reasonable stiffness and homogenization design, the switching analysis of long moveable rails, the dynamic and static strength analysis of key joint components, the dynamic performance test technology, the turnout plane alignment and structure design in diverging lines, turnout manufacturing and laying, turnout maintenance and management, etc. However, in order to adapt to the development of the future rail transit technology, the high-speed railway turnout industry is still facing severe technical challenges. For example, the next generation of the high-speed railway turnout has problems such as the adaptability in the complex environment, the whole life cycle of design, the wheel/rail matching and the optimization of the train-turnout dynamic performance, the RD and application of new materials and structures, the real-time acquisition and assessment of turnout condition parameters, the health management and fault prediction, the maintenance of capacity and effectiveness. In order to solve these problems, some cutting-edge technologies in advanced materials and manufacturing, intelligent and automation, big data and cloud computing, precision measurement and control, efficiency improvement, etc., need to be deeply integrated into the high-speed turnout system to enhance the original innovation ability of China in this field. Through the current situation and problem analysis, this review is expected to provide new perspectives and basic data for the academic research and technological innovation of the railway engineering disciplines.

Digital Railway Location System Based on Virtual Geographic Environment

YI Sirong, NIE Liangtao

2016, 29(2): 373-380. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.016

[Abstract](703)

Abstract:
To realize the railway location design with 3D entity in a vivid 3D geographic environment, the digital railway location design system based on virtual geographic environment was developed.Integrating space information technology, digital photography measurement technology, geographic remote sensing technology, virtual reality technology and computer simulation technology together, based on aerial image and satellite remote sensing information, the system establish a virtual geographic environment for railway. BIM (building information modeling) technology was used to set up a library for primitive models of railway structures. The railway location design in 3D entity is realized by calling 3D primitive models in the library, building 3D models for railway schemes in real time, inspecting and revising the schemes in 3D environment, comparing and selecting different structural types. The system was verified in the survey and design of China-Laos Railway project. The results show that engineers can simulate the real site analysis and survey indoor through the system. The system is featured with quickly seting up 3D models for railway schemes and intuitive comparison and selection. It can meet the demands of environment, major projects and oversea railways location.

Acoustic Performance of Asphalt Concrete Underlayment for High-Speed Railway Substructures

QIU Yanjun, DING Haibo, ZHANG Tianyang, YANG Enhui

2016, 29(2): 381-387. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.017

[Abstract](620)

Abstract:
To compare the rail noise levels with different substructures, a sound-solid coupling model was established using FEM-based ABAQUS software to simulate noise changes in the sound field generated from structural vibration. Sound pressure values were selected from the sound field and transformed to sound pressure levels for quantitative evaluation of noise levels of two asphalt concrete underlayments (ACRS-1 type and ACRS-2 type) and an ordinary slab track structure. The results show that the sound-solid coupling model can successfully evaluate different rail noise levels. Comparison of the above three kinds of track infrastructures indicates that the noise levels of the ACRS-1 and ACRS-2 type structures are generally lower than that of the slab track structure; especially, the noise level of the ACRS-2 structure is lower than the noise levels of the other two structures. Moreover, noise reduction amplitude occurs in 0.01 s, 0.02 s and near 0.03 s, particularly in the vicinity of 0.02 s. The noise amplitude of the ACRS-2 type structure is 10-20 dB lower than the ordinary slab track structure, whereas the noise amplitude of the ACRS-1 type structure is 5 dB lower than that of the ordinary slab track structure.

Key Techniques of GNSS Ground-Based Augmentation System and Location Based Cloud Service

HUANG Dingfa, ZHOU Letao, LU Jiankang, MEI Xi, FENG Wei, ZHANG Xi, YAN Li

2016, 29(2): 388-395. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.018

[Abstract](679)

Abstract:
To accomplish a GNSS (global navigation satellite system) ground-based augmentation system, a high-precision location based service (LBS) platform using augmentation reference station network (ARSNet) was developed independently. The ARSNet was tested in comparison with the international representative LBS platform, showing that its initial time and precision of network real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning are at the same level as the international platform; i.e., centimeter-level RTK positioning can be achieved in the both LBS platforms. Experimental results of data processing by combination use of Beidou system (BDS) and global positioning system (GPS) indicate that the precision of the BDS/GPS combined solution is about 1 mm in the X-and Z-directions, and 2 mm in the Y-direction for the 57 baselines tested. Compared to the BDS-only and GPS-only solutions, the BDS/GPS combined processing strategy can improve the precision in 55 baselines and 53 baselines respectively, namely 96.5% and 93.0% of the total baselines. In addition, key issues of multi-mode GNSS data fusion, processing, and location service in large-scale CORS network are studied. A location cloud service, with location-independent service and resource pool, is proposed to share capabilities of data processing and analyzing, and provide diversity services and wide area seamless positioning. The proposed techniques provide a new theoretical basis to obtain, share, process and analyze information for wide area distributed CORS network.

Precise Simulation Method for Dynamic Data Driven Landslide Hazards

ZHU Qing, DING Yulin, MIAO Shuangxi, CAO Zhenyu

2016, 29(2): 396-403. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2016.02.019

[Abstract](635)

Abstract:
As the consequences of climate changes and human activities, precise modeling of landslide hazards in complicated topographical and geological environments has become a serious problem in the world. The cruxes of simulation of the landslides lie in the high mutability and dynamism of the spatial-temporal evolution, and the heterogeneity and uncertainty of the disaster-pregnant environment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel dynamic data driven approach for the precise simulation of landslide hazards. After introducing the theoretical framework with graphic illustration, several core technologies are explained, including the explicit semantic description of landslide spatio-temporal changes, task-driven planning and scheduling of space-air-ground observational data, real-time geo-processing database engine linking calculations and storage, change driven dynamic observations injection, online multisource observational data intelligent geo-processing, and intelligent model parameter calibration. The proposed method is expected to provide a strong scientific theoretical support for the whole disaster prevention and reduction process in dealing with major landslide disasters.

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2016 Vol. 29, No. 2