Review on Energy Transmission and System Protection for Traction Power Supply of High-Speed Trains
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摘要:
牵引供电系统是高速铁路能量供给的核心，其能量传输与防护技术直接关系到列车的运行安全与服役性能，从弓网受流、接地回流及过电压防护3个维度，系统综述了高速铁路牵引供电能量传输及系统防护研究进展. 弓网受流方面，分析弓网电弧特性与演化机理，探讨复杂环境对弓网电弧行为及受电弓碳滑板烧蚀的影响，总结弓网结构优化与接触界面调控等防治方法. 接地回流方面，阐述“车-轨”接地回流的电路耦合、电磁感应耦合机理，分析接地电流对轴承和钢轨的电蚀危害，归纳接地电流与接地电位的优化抑制策略. 过电压防护方面，梳理操作过电压、弓网燃弧过电压、轮轨滚动燃弧过电压和雷击过电压的产生机理，分析过电压对牵引变压器一、二次侧设备及车载传感器的危害，总结针对不同类型过电压的抑制方法及设备终端防护措施. 最后，对当前研究存在的不足进行了总结，提出未来应聚焦弓网电弧源头抑制、接地系统仿真优化、过电压多级协同防护，结合数字孪生与智能监测技术，提升牵引供电能量传输的安全性与可靠性.
Abstract:The traction power supply system is the core of energy supply for high-speed railway, and its energy transmission and protection technologies are directly related to train operational safety and service performance. The research progress of energy transmission and system protection for traction power supply of high-speed railway was reviewed systematically from three perspectives: pantograph-catenary current collection, ground return current, and overvoltage protection. In terms of pantograph-catenary current collection, the characteristics and evolution mechanisms of the pantograph-catenary arc were analyzed, the effects of complex environments on pantograph-catenary arc behavior and pantograph carbon contact strip ablation were discussed, and prevention methods such as pantograph-catenary structural optimization and contact interface regulation were summarized. Regarding ground return current, the circuit coupling and electromagnetic induction coupling mechanisms of the “train-rail” ground return current were elaborated. The electrical erosion hazards of ground current on bearings and rails were analyzed, and optimization and suppression strategies for ground current and ground potential were summarized. In terms of overvoltage protection, the generation mechanisms of switching overvoltage, pantograph-catenary arcing overvoltage, wheel-rail rolling arcing overvoltage, and lightning overvoltage were reviewed, the effects of overvoltage on primary- and secondary-side equipment of traction transformers and on-board sensors were analyzed, and suppression methods for different types of overvoltage as well as protective measures for equipment terminals were summarized. Finally, the shortcomings of current research were summarized, and it was proposed that future research should focus on source‑side suppression of pantograph-catenary arcs, simulation‑based optimization of grounding systems, and multi‑level coordinated protection against overvoltage. Combined with digital twin and intelligent monitoring technologies, the safety and reliability of energy transmission for traction power supply can be improved.
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图 14 多地协同的避雷器群差异化配置技术
Figure 14. Differentiated configuration technology of surge arrester arrays with multi-site coordination
表 1 国内外牵引供电系统防护主要研究与适用场景
Table 1. Main research and application scenarios of traction power supply system protection at home and abroad
防护角度 中国主要研究 欧洲主要研究 日本主要研究 适用场景及推荐方案 弓网电弧
防治多环境耦合电弧特性
源头-界面-过程协同防治受电弓主动控制
神经网络预测控制弓网动力学与稳定性
高导电高耐磨滑板材料常规速度：主动控制与材料优化
高速度：源头抑制优先
复杂环境：适应性材料与主动调控接地回流
抑制三维全维度阻抗模型
工作/保护接地分侧布置
可调接地阻抗接地电流分布测试
轴承电蚀与回流路径轮轨绝缘设计
轴承电蚀工程防护常规线路：传统分散 + 参数优化
大电流/重载线路：分侧布置
多工况：可调阻抗动态适配过电压
防护相控合闸、RC 滤波
差异化配置与接地优化
过电压耦合与综合防护VCB 截流/重燃物理建模
操作过电压抑制避雷器设计与雷电防护
氧化锌电阻片劣化机理高速度：源头抑制与参数整定
多雷区：避雷器配置与接地优化
频繁过分相：优化 VCB 与终端钳位
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表 2 不同场景下牵引供电过电压防护策略
Table 2. Overvoltage protection strategies for traction power supply in different scenarios
划分依据 具体场景 面临核心挑战 防护策略 速度等级 250～300 km/h 弓网动态相对稳定，过电压幅值适中 标准避雷器与 RC 滤波 300～400 km/h 弓网动态交互加剧，离线电弧增多 主动控制与材料优化 400 km/h 及以上 离线起弧概率大增，过电压频次显著升高 强化主动控制，源头抑制 环境条件 覆冰环境 接触网覆冰严重、引发舞动，离线电弧加剧 除冰技术，优化接触压力抑制电弧 强风环境 气流加剧电弧烧蚀，接触网舞动受流恶化 优化受电弓空气动力学设计 高海拔低气压 飘弧明显，弧根停滞增长，电极烧蚀严重 绝缘配合参数进行海拔修正 多雷区 高架桥使接触网对地高度大，雷击跳闸率较高 防雷体系，关键节点安装避雷器
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