Research Advances in Application of Piezoelectric Sensing Technology in Tunnel and Underground Engineering
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摘要:
随着隧道与地下工程不断向大埋深及复杂环境条件发展，围岩-支护体系监测面临高地应力、多物理场耦合和病害隐蔽性强等挑战，传统监测方法在局部隐蔽损伤识别、动态事件捕获及长期环境适应性方面已难以满足精细化感知需求. 压电传感技术因具有高频响应、主被动一体化监测及良好嵌入性等优势，已从桥梁和岩土工程逐步拓展至隧道与地下工程领域. 本文系统综述了压电传感技术的基本机理、监测模式及其在围岩-支护体系受力与变形监测、衬砌病害识别、动力扰动与灾变响应感知、复杂环境下性能劣化表征以及阵列化、分布式和无线监测中的研究进展. 压电传感技术在地下工程局部损伤识别和动态响应监测中已表现出较大应用潜力. 未来应重点围绕压电响应机理与参数反演、复杂环境下长期服役可靠性、阵列化与系统化工程部署以及机理约束与数据驱动融合的智能识别方法开展研究. 压电传感技术有望成为智能隧道与地下工程全寿命安全监测的重要发展方向.
Abstract:As tunnel and underground engineering continue to advance toward greater burial depths and increasingly complex environmental conditions, monitoring of the surrounding rock–support system faces growing challenges, including high geostress, multi-physical field coupling, and the strong concealment of structural defects. Conventional monitoring methods have become increasingly inadequate for refined perception, particularly in the identification of localized concealed damage, the capture of dynamic events, and long-term environmental adaptability. Owing to its high-frequency response, active and passive integrated monitoring capability, and good embeddability, piezoelectric sensing technology has gradually expanded from bridges and geotechnical engineering into the field of tunnels and underground engineering. The fundamental mechanisms and monitoring modes of piezoelectric sensing technology were systematically reviewed, as well as its research progress in force and deformation monitoring of surrounding rock–support systems, lining defect identification, dynamic disturbance and disaster-response perception, performance degradation characterization under complex environments, and array-based, distributed, and wireless monitoring. The huge application potential of piezoelectric sensing technology was exhibited in local damage identification and dynamic response monitoring in underground engineering. Future research should focus on piezoelectric response mechanisms and parameter inversion, long-term service reliability under complex environments, array-based and systematic engineering deployment, and intelligent identification methods integrating mechanism constraints with data-driven approaches. Piezoelectric sensing technology is expected to be a key development direction for full-life cycle safety monitoring in intelligent tunnels and underground engineering.
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图 1 压电正、逆效应及极化方向示意
Figure 1. Direct and converse piezoelectric effects and polarization direction
图 5 压电传感主动监测模式（波动法）示意
Figure 5. Active monitoring mode based on piezoelectric sensing (wave method)
图 6 压电传感主动监测模式（机电阻抗法）示意
Figure 6. Active monitoring mode based on piezoelectric sensing （EMI）
图 7 基于压电传感的围岩-锚杆监测原理示意
Figure 7. Monitoring principle of surrounding rock and anchor rods based on piezoelectric sensing
图 8 隧道衬砌裂缝与背后脱空的压电检测原理示意
Figure 8. Piezoelectric detection principle for tunnel lining cracks and behind-lining voids
图 9 压电传感识别冻融循环土体强度原理示意
Figure 9. Principle of piezoelectric sensing for identifying strength of freeze-thaw cyclic soil
图 10 隧道压电阵列与无线监测系统总体框架
Figure 10. Overall framework of piezoelectric array and wireless monitoring system in tunnel
表 1 压电材料常用性能参数
Table 1. Common performance parameters of piezoelectric materials
名称 符号 意义 压电系数 d33 是压电材料压电效应强弱程度的度量，直接关系到压电陶瓷传感器输出的灵敏度 弹性常数 cij 与压电材料的质地有关，其大小决定了压电元件的固有频率和动态特性 机电耦合系数 κ 反映压电材料机电能量转换效率的重要参数 机械品质因子 Qm 表征材料机械损耗的倒数量级，越大表示机械损耗越小、谐振特性更尖锐，更适合高功率、谐振型换能器 
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