Classification of Bridge Site Characteristics and Wind Field Characteristics of Large-Span Mountainous Bridges
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摘要:
针对复杂山区桥址区地形类型多样、风场空间分布多变的问题，以工程可辨识地形要素为主线，结合现场实测与数值模拟等研究成果，构建基于“峡谷断面形态—峡谷河道走向—特殊地形地貌”的递进式分类框架，明确8类典型山区桥址地形（V型/U型/L型断面，Y型/S型走向，漏斗口/库坝区/热驱动风）对相风场的影响规律，并结合典型案例进行对比分析. 结果表明：断面类型决定横向约束与空间非均匀性，V型深切峡谷侧壁近地层边界效应更强，U型深大峡谷风场受河道约束更明显，L型峡谷受不对称地形影响导致风场空间分布不均匀；河道转折与汇聚易形成加速和越山输送，Y型河道形成下游加速带并伴随垂向攻角剧烈变化，S型急弯导致转弯后风速增强及水平攻角重构；特殊地貌中漏斗口收缩引起汇聚强风，库坝水位变化在近坝区可引起大攻角爬坡而在远场可削弱挤压加速并平缓来流，热驱动风形成明确日循环特征，雪山下垫面温差可增强向谷底汇流. 所建框架可支撑山区桥址风环境快速判别与不利工况识别，为山区桥梁抗风设计提供参考.
Abstract:In view of the diverse terrain types and highly variable spatial distributions of wind fields at bridge sites in complex mountainous terrain, engineering-identifiable terrain elements were taken as the main thread, and combined with research results such as field measurements and numerical simulations, a progressive classification framework based on “canyon cross-sectional morphology, canyon channel orientation, and special topography and geomorphology” was constructed. The influence laws of eight typical mountainous bridge site terrains (V-shaped/U-shaped/L-shaped cross-sections, Y-shaped/S-shaped orientations, and funnel-shaped contraction/reservoir-dam area/thermally driven wind) on relevant wind fields were clarified, and a comparative analysis was conducted combined with typical cases. The results indicate that the cross-sectional types determine lateral confinement and spatial non-uniformity; V-shaped deep-cut canyons have stronger near-surface boundary effects on sidewalls; the wind field in U-shaped deep and large canyons is more obviously constrained by channels; L-shaped canyons result in a non-uniform spatial distribution of the wind field under the influence of asymmetric terrains. Channel turning and confluence easily form acceleration and over-mountain transport; Y-shaped channels form a downstream acceleration zone accompanied by drastic variations in the vertical angle of attack; S-shaped sharp bends lead to wind speed enhancement after turning and reconstruction of the horizontal angle of attack. Among special geomorphologies, funnel-shaped contraction induces convergent strong winds; water level variation in reservoir-dam areas can cause large-angle-of-attack climbing in the near-dam area, while weakening the squeeze acceleration and smoothing the approach flow in the far field; thermally driven winds form clear diurnal cycle characteristics; the temperature difference over the underlying surface of snow mountains can enhance the convergence toward the valley floor. The constructed framework can support the rapid discrimination of wind environments and the identification of adverse working conditions at mountainous bridge sites and provides a reference for the wind-resistant design of mountainous bridges.
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图 8 局地温差形成热力驱动风
Figure 8. Thermally driven wind induced by local temperature difference
图 15 桥梁单侧靠山地形风场特征
Figure 15. Wind field characteristics of bridge site terrain adjacent to mountainside on one side
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