交通隧道大变形致灾机理与施工控制技术研究进展

晏启祥; 杨凯; 张川; 廖晓龙; 崔耀中

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20260050

交通隧道大变形致灾机理与施工控制技术研究进展

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20260050

晏启祥^1,,
杨凯^{1, 2, ,},
张川¹,
廖晓龙¹,
崔耀中¹

1.
西南交通大学极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室，四川成都 610031
2.
西华大学建筑与土木工程学院，四川成都 610039

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（U25A20351，52278416）

详细信息

作者简介:
晏启祥（1971—），男，教授，工学博士，研究方向为隧道及地下工程，E-mail：764365015@qq.com

通讯作者:
杨凯（1987—），男，讲师，工学博士，研究方向为隧道及地下工程，E-mail：87642189@qq.com

中图分类号: U45
计量
- 文章访问数: 37
- HTML全文浏览量: 23
- PDF下载量: 13
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-29
- 修回日期: 2026-04-07
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-11

Research Progress on Hazard-Causing Mechanisms and Construction Control Technologies for Large Tunnel Deformation

1.
State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geotechnics and Tunnelling, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
2.
School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China

摘要

摘要:
隧道大变形是复杂地质条件下，尤其是深埋软岩隧道工程中最为典型的工程地质灾害，其发生与演化受地应力场、围岩结构与力学特性、地下水活动及支护体系响应等多因素耦合控制，常表现出渐进性累积的变形特征. 基于国内外研究与典型工程案例，系统梳理了隧道大变形的定义、分级标准，依据主控致灾机理将其划分为松动破碎型、应力控制型、膨胀控制型和结构控制型4类，并明确了各类的主控因素与典型工程表现. 进一步从多因素耦合作用机制出发，归纳总结施工控制的关键技术路径，涵盖地应力调控、围岩改良、地下水控制及支护体系优化等方面，重点总结了以抗为主和以让为主的2类支护措施. 可为复杂地质环境下隧道大变形的机理识别、分级判识与施工控制提供理论依据与工程参考.
- 隧道大变形 /
- 致灾机理 /
- 地应力调控 /
- 围岩改良 /
- 支护体系
Abstract:
Large tunnel deformation is the most typical engineering geological disaster under complex geological conditions, especially in deep-buried soft rock tunnel engineering. Its occurrence and evolution are controlled by the coupling of multiple factors such as in-situ stress field, structure and mechanical properties of surrounding rock, groundwater activity, and support system response, and it often exhibits progressively accumulative deformation characteristics. Based on Chinese and international studies and typical engineering cases, the definition and classification standards of large tunnel deformation were systematically reviewed. According to dominant hazard-causing mechanisms, large tunnel deformation was classified into four categories: loosening-fracturing type, stress-controlled type, swelling-controlled type, and structure-controlled type, and dominant factors and typical engineering manifestations of each category were clarified. Furthermore, starting from multi-factor coupling mechanisms, key technical paths of construction control were summarized, covering aspects of in-situ stress regulation, surrounding rock improvement, groundwater control, and support system optimization. Two types of support measures, namely resistance-dominated and yielding-dominated ones, were specially summarized. A theoretical basis and engineering references can be provided for mechanism identification, classification recognition, and construction control of large tunnel deformation in complex geological environments.
- large tunnel deformation /
- hazard-causing mechanism /
- in-situ stress regulation /
- surrounding rock improvement /
- support system

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图 1 隧道大变形分类

Figure 1. Classification of large tunnel deformation

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图 2 隧道大变形致灾机理

Figure 2. Hazard-causing mechanism of large tunnel deformation

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图 3 松动大变形的时态曲线^[33]

Figure 3. Temporal evolution curve of loosening-type large deformation^[33]

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图 4 地应力-围岩-地下水-支护结构四元体系

Figure 4. Four-component system of in-situ stress, surrounding rock, groundwater, and support structure

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图 5 超前导洞设计断面（单位：cm）^[43]

Figure 5. Design cross-section of advance pilot tunnel （unit: cm）^[43]

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图 6 基于侧压力系数优化隧道断面^[52]

Figure 6. Optimization of tunnel cross-section based on lateral pressure coefficient^[52]

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图 7 开挖工法优化^[50]

Figure 7. Optimization of excavation method^[50]

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图 8 不同注浆管数量下浆液扩散状态^[56]

Figure 8. Grout diffusion state under different numbers of injection pipes^[56]

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图 9 不同支护理念下的支护特征曲线

Figure 9. Support characteristic curve under different support concepts

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图 10 环向让压支护体系

Figure 10. Circumferential yielding support system

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图 11 环向让压构件

Figure 11. Circumferential yielding component

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图 12 让压锚杆

Figure 12. Yielding rock bolt

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图 13 径向缓冲让压层^[93]

Figure 13. Radial yielding buffer layer^[93]

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表 1 铁路隧道设计规范大变形分级标准

Table 1. Large deformation classification standard in railway tunnel design code

大变形等级	强度应力比	围岩变形特征
Ⅰ	0.25～0.50	开挖后围岩位移较大，持续时间较长；一般支护开裂或破损较严重，相对变形量3%～5%，围岩自稳时间短，以塑流型、弯曲型、滑移型变形模式为主，兼有剪切型变形
Ⅱ	0.15～0.25	开挖后围岩位移大，持续时间长；一般支护开裂或破损严重，相对变形量5%～8%，洞底有隆起现象，围岩自稳时间很短，以塑流型、弯曲型变形模式为主
Ⅲ	<0.15	开挖后围岩位移很大，持续时间很长；一般支护开裂或破损很严重，相对变形量大于8%，洞底有明显隆起现象，流变特征很明显，围岩自稳时间很短，以塑流型为主

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表 2 公路隧道设计规范大变形分级标准

Table 2. Large deformation classification standard in highway tunnel design code

大变形等级	名称	判据/%
Ⅰ	轻微大变形	2≤U_a/a<3
Ⅱ	中等大变形	3≤U_a/a<5
Ⅲ	强烈大变形	U_a/a≥5
注：U_a为变形量，a为隧道宽度.

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