Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Drill-and-Blast Construction Wastewater in High-Altitude Tunnels
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摘要:
为明确钻爆法隧道施工废水中的污染物（如重金属及有机磷酸酯）赋存特征及生态风险，以青藏高原2处在建隧道为研究对象，分析了其施工废水及周边水体的水质参数、污染特征、来源及环境风险. 研究结果表明：施工废水呈现高浊度（平均值43.7～100 NTU）和碱性（pH达到8.2～12.0）特征，且含有较高浓度的石油类污染物（平均浓度15.5～22.1 mg/L），主要来源于机械润滑剂等污染；金属元素以Fe、Al为主，阴离子以Cl− 和SO42− 为主，速凝剂/混凝剂使用及矿物溶出释放是其主要来源；OPFRs总浓度范围为14.0～
6060 ng/L，主要组成包括磷酸三丁酯和磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯，可能来源于建筑材料及润滑剂；环境风险评估显示，磷酸2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯在隧道施工废水和地表水中的风险熵最大值达到0.68～1.83，表明其具有中度至高度生态风险，而磷酸三（2-氯异丙基）酯和磷酸三辛酯在隧道施工废水中的积累也值得引起关注. 本研究揭示了高原隧道施工过程中复合污染的迁移转化规律，为绿色施工技术优化和污染物精准管控提供了科学依据.Abstract:To clarify the occurrence characteristics and ecological risks of pollutants (e.g., heavy metals and organophosphate esters) in the construction wastewater of drill-and-blast tunnels, two tunnels under construction on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were taken as the research objects, and the water quality parameters, pollution characteristics, sources, and environmental risks of the construction wastewater and surrounding water bodies were analyzed. The research results indicate that the construction wastewater exhibits the characteristics of high turbidity (average of 43.7–100 NTU) and alkalinity (pH reaches 8.2–12.0) and contains high concentrations of petroleum pollutants (average concentration of 15.5–22.1 mg/L), which are mainly derived from pollutions such as mechanical lubricants; the metal elements are mainly Fe and Al, and the anions are mainly Cl− and SO42−, whose main sources are the use of accelerators/coagulants and the dissolution and release of minerals; the total concentration range of OPFRs is 14.0–6 060 ng/L, and the main components include tributyl phosphate and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate, which may be sourced from construction materials and lubricants; the environmental risk assessment shows that the maximum value of the risk quotient of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in the tunnel construction wastewater and surface water reaches 0.68–1.83, indicating that it has moderate to high ecological risks, and the accumulation of tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and trioctyl phosphate in the tunnel construction wastewater is worthy of attention. The migration and transformation patterns of composite pollution during the construction process of high-altitude tunnels are revealed, providing a scientific basis for the optimization of green construction technologies and the precise control of pollutants.
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图 1 高原隧道钻爆法施工废水及周边地表水的水质指标浓度
Figure 1. Concentrations of water quality indicators of drill-and-blast construction wastewater and surrounding surface water in high-altitude tunnels
图 2 施工废水及周边地表水的OPFRs污染特征
Figure 2. Pollution characteristics of OPFRs in construction wastewater and surrounding surface water
图 3 施工废水及周边地表水的OPFRs百分比组成
Figure 3. Percentage composition of OPFRs in construction wastewater and surrounding surface water
表 1 高原隧道钻爆法施工废水及周边地表水常见阴离子污染特征
Table 1. Pollution characteristics of common anions in drill-and-blast construction wastewater and surrounding surface water in high-altitude tunnels
mg/L 分析物 隧道内水样（n=13 份） 隧道外水样（n=16 份） 地表水（n=6 份） 最小值 最大值 平均值 中位值 检出
率/%最小值 最大值 平均值 中位值 检出
率/%最小值 最大值 平均值 中位值 检出
率/%F− 0.76 13.6 5.74 2.92 100 0.18 13.8 6.53 6.69 100 0.14 8.71 5.80 6.67 100 Cl− 2.83 473 238 471 100 4.62 473 348 348 100 462 473 469 470 83.3 I− n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 0 n.d. 10.2 0.65 n.d. 12.5 n.d. 55.8 9.32 n.d. 33.3 SO42− 38.8 1220 538 453 100 13.4 1030 455 439 100 6.68 462 353 454 100 注：n为样品数量，n.d.表示未检出. 
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表 2 高原隧道钻爆法施工废水中金属元素污染特征
Table 2. Pollution characteristics of metal elements in drill-and-blast construction wastewater in high-altitude tunnels
μg/L 金属元素 最小值 最大值 平均值 中位值 检出率/% Ca 3.00 350 158 133 100 Fe 51.0 5850 1240 593 100 Al 35.1 6860 1970 235 100 Cd n.d. 7.24 0.75 n.d. 10 Cr n.d. 45.0 9.94 4.08 60 Pb n.d. 3.00 0.63 n.d. 40 Zn n.d. 102 14.3 4.00 60 Cu n.d. 32.0 7.22 2.52 50 Mn 2.44 215 31.6 7.70 100 注：除 Ca 浓度为 mg/L 外，其余金属元素浓度为 μg/L.
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表 3 施工废水及周边地表水中OPFRs风险评估
Table 3. Risk assessment of OPFRs in construction wastewater and surrounding surface water
分析物 PNEC/（ng·L−1） RQ 隧道内 隧道外 地表水 TCEP 14300 [33]0～0.01 0～0.05 0～0.03 TCPP 59160 [33]0～0.05 0～0.95 0～0.01 TBOEP 9590 [34]n.d. 0～0.01 0～0.01 TnBP 61850 [33]0～0.22 0～0.02 0～0.01 TEHP 780[34] 0～0.86 0～0.97 0～0.42 TPhP 780[34] 0.01～0.03 0.01～0.66 0～0.83 EHDPP 150[34] 0～0.68 0～0.79 0～1.83 CDP 1060 [34]0～0.32 0～0.28 0～0.01 TCP 750[34] 0～0.19 0～0.18 0～0.01
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