High-Efficiency Miniaturized Dipole Antenna for Single-Sided Metal Wall Environment Inside Inspection Vehicle
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摘要:
为在检测车内部单侧金属墙环境下实现偶极子天线的高口径效率与小型化设计，本文基于多臂折叠与电流控制方法，对偶极子天线的结构性能进行分析与优化. 首先，基于有效电流长度理论，提出一种由垂直微带线馈电的四臂折叠偶极子天线；在有效电流长度不变的前提下，分别对辐射臂进行水平与垂直折叠，实现天线小型化. 其次，在天线底部加载背腔结构，并引入水平条带使谐振电流集中于辐射平面，提升四臂偶极子的口径效率与增益. 最后，针对检测车内部单侧金属墙引起的天线阻抗失配和方向图畸变问题，对四臂折叠偶极子天线进行二次设计，提出加载短路贴片以抑制近墙侧表面电流、延长近墙侧垂直臂以抑制非期望电流激发的方法，克服金属墙对天线阻抗与方向图性能的影响. 两款天线均进行了加工与测试. 研究结果表明：天线尺寸由半波长缩减至约1/4波长，缩减比例达50%；阻抗匹配良好，测试带宽为410 ～ 447 MHz；天线可有效抑制单侧金属墙效应，最大增益可达5.5 dBi，交叉极化低于−10 dB，后瓣低于−10 dB，辐射效率大于80%，满足检测车内部环境下无线传输系统的要求.
Abstract:To achieve high aperture efficiency and miniaturization for a dipole antenna operating in an environment with a single-sided metal wall inside an inspection vehicle, this paper analyzes and optimizes the antenna’s performance using multi-arm folding and current control methods. First, based on the effective current length theory, a four-arm folded dipole antenna fed by a vertical microstrip line is proposed. While maintaining the effective current length, the radiating arms are folded horizontally and vertically, respectively, achieving antenna miniaturization. Second, a back cavity is added beneath the antenna, and a horizontal strip is introduced to concentrate the resonant current in the radiation plane, thus improving the aperture efficiency and gain of the four-arm dipole antenna. Finally, to address the impedance mismatch and radiation pattern distortion caused by the single-sided metal wall inside the inspection vehicle, the four-arm folded dipole antenna is further redesigned. A shorting patch is introduced to suppress surface currents on the side nearest the wall, while the vertical arm nearest the wall is extended to suppress undesired current excitation, thus mitigating the effects of the metal wall on the antenna’s impedance and radiation pattern performance. Both antennas have been fabricated and measured. The results show that the antenna size is reduced from a half-wavelength to approximately 1/4 wavelength, achieving a reduction of 50%. The measured bandwidth is 410–447 MHz with good impedance matching. The antenna can effectively suppress the effects of the single-sided metal wall, with a peak gain of 5.5 dBi, cross-polarization levels below −10 dB, backlobe levels below −10 dB, and radiation efficiency above 80%, meeting the requirements of the wireless transmission system inside the inspection vehicle.
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Key words:
- dipole antenna /
- impedance matching /
- miniaturization /
- antenna radiation /
- high aperture efficiency
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图 1 小型化四臂折叠偶极子天线结构图与馈电细节图
Figure 1. Structure and feeding details of miniaturized four-arm folded dipole antenna
图 2 天线在435 MHz的仿真表面电流
Figure 2. Simulated surface current distributions of antenna at 435 MHz
图 4 天线有/无水平贴片加载时的仿真增益
Figure 4. Simulated antenna gain with and without horizontal patch
图 5 高效率小型化四臂折叠偶极子天线的实物图
Figure 5. Photograph of fabricated high-efficiency miniaturized four-arm folded dipole antenna
图 8 二次设计的小型化四臂偶极子天线及金属墙示意
Figure 8. Structure of redesigned miniaturized four-arm dipole antenna and metal wall
图 9 两款天线在单侧墙环境下的仿真表面电流（435 MHz）
Figure 9. Simulated surface current distributions of two antennas with single-sided metal wall at 435 MHz
图 10 两款天线在侧面墙加载/未加载时的阻抗变化
Figure 10. Impedance curves of two antennas with and without side metal wall
图 11 原天线/二次设计天线在金属墙加载时的仿真增益对比
Figure 11. Comparison of simulated gain between original and redesigned antennas with metal wall
图 12 二次设计天线在不同金属墙尺寸下的仿真带宽对比
Figure 12. Comparison of simulated impedance bandwidth of redesigned antenna for different metal wall dimensions
图 13 金属墙区域与天线位置关系示意
Figure 13. Spatial relationship between metal wall region and antenna position
图 14 二次设计天线在不同单侧金属墙尺寸下的仿真增益对比
Figure 14. Comparison of simulated realized gain of redesigned antenna for different single-sided metal wall dimensions
图 15 二次设计的天线实物图与等效金属墙实物图
Figure 15. Photographs of fabricated redesigned antenna and equivalent metal wall
表 1 天线的尺寸参数
Table 1. Dimensional parameters of proposed antenna mm
参数数值 参数数值 L1 150 W5 30 L2 60 H1 91.5 L3 20 H2 59 L4 20 H3 5.5 L5 5 Y1 49 W1 150 X1 2 W2 70 X2 0.3 W3 45 X3 5.2 W4 70 wk 44 
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表 2 本文提出的二次设计小型化偶极子天线与检测车单极子天线的性能对比
Table 2. Performance comparison between proposed redesigned miniaturized dipole antenna and monopole antenna for inspection vehicle
测试场景 天线类型 带宽/MHz 增益/dBi 方向性 1 原单极子 425～441 2.0 全向辐射 1 本文工作 400～445 4.9 定向辐射 2 原单极子 419～436 −1.7 全向辐射 2 本文工作 410～447 5.5 定向辐射 *1：无单侧金属墙加载；2：单侧金属墙加载
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表 3 本文提出的二次设计小型化偶极子天线与发表的小型化天线性能对比
Table 3. Performance comparison between proposed redesigned miniaturized dipole antenna and previously published miniaturized antennas
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