高温磁悬浮轴承发展及其研究综述

曹正; 李贵林; 祝长生; 周天豪

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20250486

高温磁悬浮轴承发展及其研究综述

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20250486

1.
浙江大学电气工程学院，浙江杭州 310027
2.
太行实验室，四川成都 610213

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（12402060）；太行国家实验室研究项目（A2063）

详细信息

作者简介:
曹正（1997—），男，博士研究生，研究方向为电磁轴承振动控制，E-mail：czzyl@zju.edu.cn

通讯作者:
祝长生（1963—），男，教授，博士，研究方向为电磁轴承振动控制，E-mail： zhu_zhang@zju.edu.cn

中图分类号: TH113.1
计量
- 文章访问数: 87
- HTML全文浏览量: 121
- PDF下载量: 12
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-20
- 修回日期: 2026-02-28
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-20

Development and Research Review of High-Temperature Magnetic Bearings

1.
College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
2.
Taihang National Laboratory, Chengdu 610213, China

摘要

摘要:
高温主动磁悬浮轴承技术是替代传统轴承、实现在高温与高速工况下稳定运行的关键技术，其设计复杂度显著高于常温磁悬浮轴承. 基于国内外相关研究文献，系统综述高温主动磁悬浮轴承在材料选取、机械系统制造工艺与故障安全机制、高温位移传感器设计以及转子系统建模与动态特性分析4个方面的研究进展；进一步提出未来应重点开展多物理场耦合精细建模、振动主动控制策略、多场景应用适配性及材料-控制-结构协同优化等方向的深入研究，以提升高温磁轴承系统的可靠性与工程适用性，为其在极端环境下的稳定运行提供理论依据与技术支撑.
- 磁悬浮轴承 /
- 高温环境 /
- 关键技术 /
- 发展趋势
Abstract:
High-temperature active magnetic bearing technology is a key technology to replace traditional bearings and achieve stable operation under high-temperature and high-speed conditions. Its design complexity is significantly higher than that of ambient-temperature magnetic bearings. Based on relevant Chinese and international research literature, the research progress of high-temperature active magnetic bearings in four aspects, including material selection, mechanical system manufacturing processes and fail-safe mechanisms, high-temperature displacement sensor design, and rotor system modeling and dynamic characteristic analysis, was systematically reviewed. Furthermore, in-depth research in directions such as multi-physics coupled high-fidelity modeling, active vibration control strategies, multi-scenario application adaptability, and material-control-structure co-optimization was proposed as a future focus, to improve the reliability and engineering applicability of high-temperature magnetic bearing systems, and theoretical basis and technical support were provided for their stable operation in extreme environments.
- magnetic bearing /
- high-temperature environment /
- key technology /
- development trend

HTML全文

图 1 HT-AMBs发展简要时间回顾

Figure 1. Brief chronological review of HT-AMB development

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 Thermocoax公司耐温700 ℃产品轮廓

Figure 2. Outline drawing of 700 ℃-resistant product from Thermocoax

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 NASA封装前、后的HT-AMBs定子线圈

Figure 3. NASA HT-AMB stator coils before and after encapsulation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 南航HT-AMBs定子线圈封装体

Figure 4. NUAA HT-AMB stator coil encapsulation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 利用线圈嵌入技术制成的陶瓷线圈

Figure 5. Ceramic coil fabricated by coil embedding technology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 多层迷宫型励磁线圈叠焊法

Figure 6. Multi-layer labyrinth-type excitation coil lamination welding method

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 Synchrony公司，HT-AMBs冗余结构

Figure 7. HT-AMB redundant structure of Synchrony

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 Texas A&M、NASA GRC, HT-AMBs悬浮试验台

Figure 8. HT-AMB levitation test rig of Texas A&M and NASA GRC

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 Texas A&M、NASA GRC, HT-AMBs悬浮试验台

Figure 9. HT-AMB levitation test rig of Texas A&M and NASA GRC

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 氮化硅与镀银滑道辅助轴承

Figure 10. Auxiliary bearing of silicon nitride and silver-plated race

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 模块化径向滑动辅助轴承

Figure 11. Auxiliary bearing of modular radial sliding

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 喷涂准晶涂层的辅助轴承

Figure 12. Auxiliary bearing sprayed with quasicrystal coating

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 径向轴承力试验台

Figure 13. Radial bearing force test rig

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 静压轴颈轴承详图

Figure 14. Detailed drawing of hydrostatic journal bearing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 用于热膨胀补偿的传感器支架，带/不带位置传感器

Figure 15. Sensor mount for thermal expansion compensation with/without position sensor

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 16 HT-AMBs模拟转子试验台

Figure 16. Simulated rotor test rig of HT-AMB

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 17 C型芯力-电流随温度的变化图

Figure 17. C-type core force and current variation with temperature

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 18 538 ℃不同转速下，力与电流的关系

Figure 18. Relationship between force and current at different rotational speeds under 538 ℃

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 19 温度变化对转子模态频率的影响

Figure 19. Effect of temperature variation on rotor modal frequency

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 20 转子使用套筒和锁紧螺母装置通过平衡轮连接到轴上

Figure 20. Rotor connected to shaft via balance wheel using sleeve and locknut assembly

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 高磁导率铁钴软磁合金

Table 1. High-permeability iron-cobalt soft magnetic alloys

国家	合金牌号	制造商
美国	Hiperco 50	Carpenter Technologies Corp
法国	AFK 502	Aperam Alloys Inchy
德国	Vacoflux 50	Vacuumschmelze GmbH Hanau
中国	1J22	嘉竞合金科技有限公司

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 高温用无机绝缘材料分类

Table 2. Classification of inorganic insulating materials for high-temperature applications

类型	代表材料	耐温范围/℃
陶瓷类	氧化铝、氧化硅	1 000～1 800
云母类	白云母、金云母	500～850
玻璃类	无碱玻璃纤维布	450～600

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 高温绕组导线结构方案

Table 3. Structural designs of high-temperature winding wires

区域	导线结构	工作温度/℃	图片
国外	陶瓷涂层绝缘导线	≤1000
国内	玻璃纤维绝缘导线	≤600
	多层绕包耐火导线	≤1000
	迷宫型励磁绕组	≤550

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 耐温550 ℃高温绕组导线供应情况

Table 4. Supply status of high-temperature winding wires with 550 ℃ thermal endurance

单位名称	高温电磁线规格	图片
重庆材料研究院有限公司	0.9 mm 绝缘绕包线（0.7 mm 芯线，0.2 mm 绝缘）
	1.4 mm 绝缘绕包线（1.1 mm 芯线，0.3 mm 绝缘）
	0.23 mm 陶瓷线
上海电缆研究所	THW600-1.0 （1.0 mm 芯线，0.3 mm 绝缘）
奇温线缆有限公司	GN800、GN1000（4.5 mm 外径）

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(120)

[1]	Sun X, Chen L, Yang Z. Overview of bearingless permanent-magnet synchronous motors[J]. IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, 2013, 60(12): 5528-5538. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2232253
[2]	吴彤, 潘浩宇, 张庭语, 等. 磁悬浮轴承关键技术研究[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2026, 61(4): 1-21. WU Tong, PAN Haoyu, ZHANG Tingyu, et al. Research on key technology of magnetic suspension bearings[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2026, 61(4): 1-21.
[3]	姜豪, 苏振中, 姜亚鹏. 高承载力密度磁轴承优化设计[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2025, 60(4): 965-975, 985. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20240553 JIANG Hao, SU Zhenzhong, JIANG Yapeng. Optimized design of high-load capacity magnetic bearings[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2025, 60(4): 965-975. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20240553
[4]	唐晓轩, 杜国伟, 孙喆, 等. HTR-PM主氦风机转子系统响应分析与载荷优化[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2025, 60(4): 993-1002. TANG Xiaoxuan, DU Guowei, SUN Zhe, et al. Response analysis and load optimization of high temperature reactor-pebblebed modules main helium blower rotor system[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2025, 60(4): 993-1002.
[5]	Samanta P, Hirani H. Magnetic bearing configurations: theoretical and experimental studies[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2008, 44(2): 292-300. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2007.912854
[6]	Andriollo M, Fanton E, Tortella A. A review of innovative electromagnetic technologies for a totally artificial heart[J]. Applied Sciences, 2023, 13(3): 1870. doi: 10.3390/app13031870
[7]	Rogers J G, Pagani F D, Tatooles A J, et al. Intrapericardial left ventricular assist device for advanced heart failure[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2017, 376(5): 451-460. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602954
[8]	Li X, Palazzolo A, Wang Z. A combination 5-DOF active magnetic bearing for energy storage flywheels[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2021, 7(4): 2344-2355. doi: 10.1109/TTE.2021.3079402
[9]	Earnshaw S. On the nature of the molecular forces which regulate the constitution of the luminiferous ether[J]. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1848, 7: 97.
[10]	Kemper H. Overhead suspension railway with wheel-less vehicles employing magnetic suspension from iron rails[P]. 643316. 1937-04-14. Kemper H. Overhead suspension railway with wheel-less vehicles employing magnetic suspension from iron rails[P]. 643316. 1937-04-14.
[11]	Tournier M, Laurenceau P. Suspension magnétique d‘une maquette en soufflerie[J]. La Recherche Aéronautique, 1957(59): 21-27.
[12]	Hibner D, Rosado L. Feasibility of magnetic bearings for advanced gas turbine engines[C]//International Symposium on Magnetic Suspension Technology, Part 2. Washington D. C.: NASA, 1992: 299-316.
[13]	Meeks C, McMullen P, Hibner D, et al. Lightweight magnetic bearing system for aircraft gas turbine engines[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Zurich: ETH Zurich, 1994: 429-434.
[14]	Storace A F, Sood D, Lyons J P, et al. Integration of magnetic bearings in the design of advanced gas turbine engines[J]. Journal of Engineerin for Gas Turbines and Power, 1995, 117(4): 655-665. doi: 10.1115/1.2815450
[15]	Antkowiak B M, Nelson F C. Rotor dynamic modeling of an active magnetic bearing gas turbine engine[J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1998, 120(3): 621-625.
[16]	Kelleher W P, Kondoleon A S. A magnetic bearing suspension system for high temperature gas turbine applications: Part Ⅲ—Magnetic actuator development[C]//ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. Orlando: ASME, 1997: V004T14A030.
[17]	Scholten J R. A magnetic bearing suspension system for high temperature gas turbine applications: Control system design[C]//ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. Orlando: ASME, 1997: V004T15A006.
[18]	Marchand Jr F P. Touchdown bearing development for a magnetic bearing system used in a high temperature gas turbine[C]//ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. Orlando: ASME, 1997: V004T14A020.
[19]	Field R J, Iannello V. A reliable magnetic bearing system for turbomachinery[C]//Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Company, 1998: 42-51.
[20]	Ohsawa M, Yoshida K, Ninomiya H, et al. High temperature blower for molten carbonate fuel cell supported by magnetic bearings[C]//Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Company, 1998: 5-7.
[21]	Xu L, Wang L, Schweitzer G. Development of magnetic bearings for high temperature suspension [C]//Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Zurich: ETH Zurich, 2000: 23-25.
[22]	Burdet L. Active magnetic bearing design and characterization for high temperature applications[D]. Lausanne: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 2006.
[23]	Düsterhaupt S, Neumann H, Rottenbach T, et al. High temperature active magnetic bearings in industrial steam turbines[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. New York: Curran Associates, 2016: 3-6.
[24]	Van Beneden M, Kluyskens V, Dehez B. Axial force evaluation in permanent magnet thrust bearings subject to demagnetization and temperature effects[C]//Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Beijing: Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineering, 2018: 1-8.
[25]	Van Beneden M, Kluyskens V, Dehez B. Passive compensation of the temperature effect on permanent magnet thrust bearing in hybrid system[C]//Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Beijing: Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineering, 2018: 1-5.
[26]	Fingers R T. Creep behavior of thin laminates of iron-cobalt alloys for use in switched reluctance motors and generators[D]. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1998.
[27]	Fingers R T, Coate J E, Dowling N E. Creep deformation of a soft magnetic iron–cobalt alloy[J]. Journal of applied physics, 1999, 85(8): 6037-6039. doi: 10.1063/1.369074
[28]	Fingers R T, Rubertus C S. Application of high temperature magnetic materials[J]. IEEE transactions on magnetics, 2002, 36(5): 3373-3375.
[29]	Mekhiche M, Nichols S, Oleksy J, et al. 50K RPM, 1100 F Magnetic bearings for jet turbine engines [C]//Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Zurich: ETH Zurich, 2000: 123-128.
[30]	Palazzolo A, Montague G T, Kim Y, et al. Fail safe, high temperature magnetic bearing for high efficiency gas turbine engine applications[C]//Turbo Expo: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Louisiana: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001, 78538: V004T03A054.
[31]	Minihan T, Palazzolo A, Kim Y, et al. Fail safe, high temperature magnetic bearings[C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002: 1107-1116.
[32]	Montague G, Jansen M, Ebihara B, et al. Design and fabrication of high-temperature, radial magnetic bearing for turbomachinery[R]. Cleveland: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2003: 21230.
[33]	Montague G, Jansen M, Provenza A, et al. Experimental high temperature characterization of a magnetic bearing for turbomachinery [C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2003. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003: 633-642.
[34]	Jansen M, Montague G, Provenza A, et al. High speed, high temperature, fault tolerant operation of a combination magnetic-hydrostatic bearing rotor support system for turbomachinery[C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2004, 4: 599-606.
[35]	Provenza A J, Montague G T, Jansen M J, et al. High temperature characterization of a radial magnetic bearing for turbomachinery[J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2005, 127(2): 437-444. doi: 10.1115/1.1807413
[36]	Hossain M A. High temperature, permanent magnet biased, homopolar magnetic bearing actuator[D]. State of Texas: Texas A&M University, 2006.
[37]	Mohiuddin M W, Palazzolo A B, Tucker R P, et al. High temperature magnetic thrust bearing: theory and experiment[C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019: V07AT33A010.
[38]	Rimpel A, Smith N, Allison T, et al. Magnetic bearings for high-temperature sCO2 pumped heat energy storage[C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020: V005T07A006.
[39]	Rende B, Sørensen, B B, Santos I F. Temperature-induced vibration instability in a non-spinning vertical rotor supported by active magnetic bearings—Theory and experiment[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2025, 618: 119339. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2025.119339
[40]	Ma W, Liu G, Le Y, et al. Stiffness compensation control for centrifugal compressors based on online parameter identification of magnetic bearings[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2022, 70(9): 9421-9431. doi: 10.1109/tie.2022.3213911
[41]	Zhang W, Cheng L, Zhu H. Suspension force error source analysis and multidimensional dynamic model for a centripetal force type-magnetic bearing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2019, 67(9): 7617-7628. doi: 10.1109/tie.2019.2946568
[42]	Du G, Yu J, Wang H, et al. The influence of thermal deformation on the dynamic characteristics of AMB rotor of HTR-PM helium blower [C]//Proceedings of the 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018: V002T03A004.
[43]	Li C, Guo Z, Zhen M, et al. A noncontact rotational speed sensor for bearing cages in a high-temperature and high-speed environment[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2024(14): 22773-22780. doi: 10.1109/jsen.2024.3405793
[44]	Li C, Feng Q, Sun B, et al. Wireless method for measuring the rotational speed of roller bearing in a high-temperature environment[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22(21): 20989-20998.
[45]	Zheng S, Liu X, Zhang Y, et al. Temperature drift compensation for exponential hysteresis characteristics of high-temperature eddy current displacement sensors[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2019(23): 11041-11049.
[46]	Choudhury T, Ranjan G, Smirnov A, et al. Effect of labyrinth seal parameters on leakage and rotordynamics in a centrifugal compressor supported by active magnetic bearings[C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2024: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Little Falls: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024: V10AT22A016.
[47]	Liu X, Zhou Y, Yan X, et al. Experimental study on the novel rolling-sliding integrated auxiliary bearing in active magnetic bearing during rotor drop[J]. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2020, 136: 107044. doi: 10.1016/j.anucene.2019.107044
[48]	Chen J Q, Zhe S, Yang G J, e tal. Research on rolling-sliding integrated auxiliary bearing and its application in high temperature reactor[C]//Proceedings of the 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017: V002T03A103.
[49]	Zhao Y, Yang G, Liu X, et al. Dynamics and thermal analysis of the auxiliary bearing for the helium circulator of HTR-PM[J]. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2018, 112: 474-485. doi: 10.1016/j.anucene.2017.10.034
[50]	Zhao Y, Yang G, Shi Z, et al. Thermal analysis and simulation of auxiliary bearings and its application in the high temperature reactor-10[J]. Journal of Tribology, 2016, 138(1): 011102. doi: 10.1115/1.4031003
[51]	Heshmat H, Walton J F, Nicholson B D. Ultra-high temperature compliant foil bearings: the journey to 870 ℃ and application in gas turbine engines—experiment [C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018: V07BT34A016.
[52]	Heshmat H, Jahanmir S, Walton J F. Coatings for high temperature foil bearings[C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007, 5: 971-976.
[53]	Choi H, Jasinski M, Liu J. Novel permanent magnet systems for high efficiency electric ships[C]//2015 IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS). Piscataway: IEEE, 2015: 219-223.
[54]	Fingers R T, Kozlowski G. Microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe–Co alloys[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1997, 81(8): 4110-4111.
[55]	Willard M A, Harris V G. Soft magnetic materials: Nanocrystalline alloys from amorphous precursors[J]. JOM, 2002, 54(3): 44-46. doi: 10.1007/BF02822620
[56]	Zheng Y, Liu X, Zhao J, et al. A novel iterative learning control method and control system design for active magnetic bearing rotor imbalance of primary helium circulator in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor[J]. Measurement and Control, 2020, 53(3/4): 474-484. doi: 10.1177/0020294019895300
[57]	Zhao y l , Liu x n, Yang g j, et al. Dynamic analysis for the rotor drop process and its application to a horizontal rotor-active magnetic bearing system in helium gas[J]. Journal of Tribology, 2018, 140(4): B0901A.
[58]	Sun Z, Zhao J, Shi Z, et al. Identification of flexible rotor suspended by magnetic bearings [C]//Proceedings of the 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013: V002T03A043.
[59]	Franz D, Schneider M, Richter M, et al. Thermal behavior of a magnetically levitated spindle for fatigue testing of fiber reinforced plastic[J]. Actuators, 2019, 8(2): 37. doi: 10.3390/act8020037
[60]	徐龙祥, 周波. 磁浮多电航空发动机的研究现状及关键技术[J]. 航空动力学报, 2003, 18(1): 51-59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8055.2003.01.009 XU Longxiang, ZHOU Bo. Research status and key technologies of magnetic levitation multi-electric aero engines[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2003, 18(1): 51-59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8055.2003.01.009
[61]	王戈一. 磁悬浮多电发动机的研究[J]. 燃气涡轮试验与研究, 2007, 20(4): 15-18, 35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2620.2007.04.003 WANG Geyi. Research on magnetic levitation multi-electric engines[J]. Gas Turbine Experiment and Research, 2007, 20(4): 15-18,35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2620.2007.04.003
[62]	金超武. 高温磁悬浮轴承若干关键技术研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2011.
[63]	夏静贵. 高温磁悬浮轴承定子线圈封装材料与工艺研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2011.
[64]	夏静贵. 高温磁悬浮轴承定子电磁线圈封装技术研究[J]. 机械工程与自动化, 2011(4): 86-88. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6413.2011.04.033 XIA Jinggui. Research on encapsulation technology of stator electromagnetic coils for high temperature magnetic bearings[J]. Mechanical Engineering and Automation, 2011(4): 86-88. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6413.2011.04.033
[65]	鲁旭东. 高温磁悬浮轴承励磁绕组制造技术研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2012.
[66]	金超武, 鲁旭东, 朱益利, 等. 高温磁悬浮轴承励磁绕组制造技术[J]. 航空动力学报, 2013, 28(3): 513-519. doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.2013.03.009 JIN C W, LU X D, ZHU Y L, et al. Manufacturing technology of excitation windings for high temperature magnetic bearings[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2013, 28(3): 513-519. doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.2013.03.009
[67]	薛建刚. 用于磁悬浮轴承系统中准晶涂层的性能研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2013.
[68]	Chao H, Xu L X, Lin Y Z. Researches on substrates of high temperature eddy current sensor [C]//Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Linz: Linz Center of Mechatronics GmbH, 2014: 714-719.
[69]	吕云腾. 高温电涡流位移传感器分析与设计[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2014.
[70]	金超武, 辛宇, 周扬, 等. 高温磁悬浮轴承-转子系统建模与动力学分析[J]. 西南交通大学学报, 2024, 59(4): 746-754, 822. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20230667 JIN Chaowu, XIN Yu, ZHOU Yang, et al. Modeling and dynamic analysis of high-temperature magnetic bearing-rotor systems[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 2024, 59(4): 746-754, 822. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20230667
[71]	Yu S Y, Yang G J, Shi L, et al. Application and research of the active magnetic bearing in the nuclear power plant of high temperature reactor[C]//Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Martigny: ISMB, 2006: 1-7.
[72]	王岩, 解衡, 赵雷. 高温气冷堆氦气轮机系统电磁轴承冷却方案设计[J]. 核动力工程, 2007, 28(6): 84-86, 109. WANG Yan, XIE Heng, ZHAO Lei. Design of cooling scheme for electromagnetic bearings in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor helium turbine systems[J]. Nuclear Power Engineering, 2007, 28(6): 84-86, 109.
[73]	王岩, 解衡, 赵雷. 高温气冷堆动力转换单元电磁轴承冷却系统的分析[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 48(3): 432-435. WANG Yan, XIE Heng, ZHAO Lei. Analysis of cooling system for electromagnetic bearings in power conversion unit of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2008, 48(3): 432-435.
[74]	赵钢, 马艳秀, 符晓铭, 等. 高温堆磁悬浮轴承备用氦风机热工实验研究[J]. 原子能科学技术, 2009, 43(增2): 252-255. ZHAO Gang, MA Yanxiu, FU Xiaoming, et al. Experimental study on thermal performance of backup helium fan with magnetic bearings for high-temperature reactor[J]. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2009, 43(S2): 252-255.
[75]	Guo Z, Zhou G, Shultz P R, et al. Design and qualification testing of active magnetic bearings for high-temperature gas-cooled reactors[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Kitakyushu: Curran Associates, 2016: 3-6.
[76]	Zhao Y, Yang G, Liu X, et al. Research on dynamics and experiments about auxiliary bearings for the helium circulator of the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor[J]. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2016, 95: 176-187. doi: 10.1016/j.anucene.2016.05.015
[77]	Liu X, Shi Z, Mo N, et al. Calculation and experiment of electromagnetic force of the axial AMB used in HTR-PM main helium blower prototype and its dual material selection method[J]. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES), 2019: 584-590.
[78]	Rottenbach T, Vanek C, Worlitz F. Auswirkungen hoher temperaturen auf die auslegung und gestaltung aktiver magnetlager[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Red Hook: Curran Associates, 2017: 1-8.
[79]	Xu L, Zhang J. A study on high temperature displacement sensor[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000, 49(4): 789-793. doi: 10.3901/cjme.2005.03.449
[80]	Kondoleon A S, Kelleher W P. Comparison of soft magnetic alloys for high temperature magnetic bearings [C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000: V004T03A052.
[81]	王恒武. 玻璃纤维/聚合物基复合材料界面粘结强度的实验与理论研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2003.
[82]	Iannello V. Magnetic bearing systems for gas turbine engines[C]//Proceedings of MAG’95: Magnetic Bearings, Magnetic Drives and Dry Gas Seals Conference & Exhibition. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Company, 1995: 77-86.
[83]	Lyons J P, Preston M A, Gurumoorthy R, et al. Design and control of a fault-tolerant active magnetic bearing system for aircraft engines[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Zurich: VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich, 1994: 449-454.
[84]	Vanek C, Worlitz F. Eignung von gleitlagern als fanglager für schwere magnetgelagerte Rotoren bei erhöhten Temperaturen[C]//Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Red Hook: Curran Associates, 2017: 542-551.
[85]	薛建刚, 徐龙祥, 韩超, 等. 离子喷涂准晶涂层组织结构及摩擦学性能[J]. 振动. 测试与诊断, 2013, 33(增2): 186-189, 229. XUE Jiangang, XU Longxiang, HAN Chao. Microstructure and tribological properties of plasma-sprayed quasicrystal coatings[J]. Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis, 2013, 33(S2): 186-189, 229.
[86]	Walmer M S, Chen C H, Walmer M H. A new class of permanent magnetic materials for high temperature applications[C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000: V004T03A054.
[87]	Palazzolo A, Tucker R, Kenny A, et al. High temperature, permanent magnet biased, fault tolerant, homopolar magnetic bearing development [C]//Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008, 5: 1203-1214.
[88]	金超武, 徐龙祥, 朱益利. 高温磁悬浮轴承用位移传感器的研究[J]. 航空学报, 2014, 35(1): 230-239. JIN Chaowu, XU Longxiang, ZHU Yili. Research on displacement sensors for high-temperature magnetic bearings[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2014, 35(1): 230-239.
[89]	Knapp J, 胡奇伟. 测量高温机械参数的陶瓷传感器技术[J]. 压电与声光, 1991(6): 78-81. Knapp J, HU Qiwei. Ceramic sensor technology for measuring high-temperature mechanical parameters[J]. Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics, 1991(6): 78-81.
[90]	毕超, 郭霞, 徐昌语, 等. 高温电容位移传感器的设计与实验研究[J]. 传感技术学报, 2016, 29(10): 1509-1515. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1699.2016.10.008 BI Chao, GUO Xia, XU Changyu, et al. Design and experimental study of high-temperature capacitive displacement sensors[J]. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators, 2016, 29(10): 1509-1515. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1699.2016.10.008
[91]	李维双. 基于电容法的涡轮叶尖间隙测量技术研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学, 2013.
[92]	张铫, 戚淑梅. 电容传感器在高温条件下的研究应用[J]. 玻璃, 2002(3): 20-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1987.2002.03.005 ZHANG Yao, QI Shumei. Research and application of capacitive sensors under high-temperature conditions[J]. Glass, 2002(3): 20-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1987.2002.03.005
[93]	Li Q, Ding F. Novel displacement eddy current sensor with temperature compensation for electrohydraulic valves[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2005, 122(1): 83-87. doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2005.04.008
[94]	徐龙祥. 高温涡流传感器: CN200510041539.2[P]. 2009-04-15.
[95]	易孟良. 超高温电涡流位移传感器探头: CN200820158511.6[P]. 2009-06-03.
[96]	白志峰. 磁轴承用位移传感器的研究[D]. 青岛: 山东科技大学, 2005.
[97]	吕梁, 樊树江, 吴俊. 电涡流间隙传感器的温度补偿[J]. 传感器与微系统, 2006, 25(5): 37-41 doi: 10.13873/j.1000-97872006.05.012 LYU Liang, FAN Shujiang, WU Jun. Temperature drift of eddy current gap sensors[J]. Transducer and Microsystem Technologies, 2006, 25(5): 37-41. doi: 10.13873/j.1000-97872006.05.012
[98]	李其朋, 丁凡. 一类耐高压电涡流位移传感器的温度补偿研究[J]. 传感技术学报, 2005, 19(1): 109-111. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1699.2006.01.053 LI Qipeng, DING Fan. Temperature compensation for a class of high-pressure resistant eddy current displacement sensors[J]. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators, 2005, 19(1): 109-111. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1699.2006.01.053
[99]	方秋华, 茅佩田, 新启高. 电涡流传感器温度漂移的自动补偿[J]. 仪器仪表学报, 1997, 18(2): 87-90. FANG Qiuhua, MAO Peitian, XIN Qigao. Automatic compensation for temperature drift of eddy current sensors[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 1997, 18(2): 87-90.
[100]	王现军, 宋豫全, 杜保强. 电涡流传感器温度漂移的综合补偿[J]. 传感器技术, 2004, 23(2): 53-55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-9787.2004.02.017 WANG Xianjun, SONG Yuquan, DU Baoqiang. Comprehensive compensation for temperature drift of eddy current sensors[J]. Journal of Transducer Technology, 2004, 23(2): 53-55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-9787.2004.02.017
[101]	谭祖根, 汪乐宇. 电涡流检测技术[M]. 北京: 原子能出版社, 1986.
[102]	樊树江, 吴峻, 杨光, 等. 电涡流传感器温度漂移分析及补偿实现[J]. 传感技术学报, 2004(3): 427-430. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1699.2004.03.018 FAN Shujiang, WU Jun, YANG Guang, et al. Temperature drift analysis and compensation on eddy current sensor[J]. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators, 2004(3): 427-430. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1699.2004.03.018
[103]	林阔. 高温型电涡流传感器的设计研制[D]. 上海: 同济大学, 2005.
[104]	李一平, 刘其全, 金黄. 一种高温非接触式电涡流位移传感器: CN200710077328.3[P]. 2008-02-20.
[105]	Burdet L, Maeder T, Siegwart R, et al. Thick-film radial position sensor for high temperature active magnetic bearings[C]//Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Martigny: ISMB, 2006: 555-559.
[106]	Giuffrida R V, Mirić S, Kolar J W, et al. Highly dynamic eddy-current-based sealed magnetic bearing position measurement with temperature drift correction-“seeing through conductive walls”[J]. IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society, 2022, 3: 252-264. doi: 10.1109/OJIES.2022.3163014
[107]	Jiang S, Wang D, Xing X. Temperature compensation of an eddy-current displacement sensor using an improved sparrow search algorithm method[J]. Journal of Sensors, 2022, 2022(1): 6021182.
[108]	Qiu H T, Wang K. High-precision commutation error compensation strategy for magnetically levitated PMSM using eddy current sensors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2025, 40: 12. doi: 10.1109/tpel.2025.3588865
[109]	Yu Y T, Wang F L, Sun C, et al. An eddy current proximity sensor independent of operation temperature based on the temperature invariant phenomenon[J]. Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 2025, 19: 1-13. doi: 10.1080/10589759.2025.2527911
[110]	郭景坤, 寇华敏, 李江. 高温结构陶瓷研究浅论[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011: 41-47.
[111]	焦秀玲, 陈代荣. 氧化铝基陶瓷连续纤维研究进展[J]. 硅酸盐学报, 2024, 52(8): 2738-2754. JIAO Xiuling, CHEN Dairong. Progress on alumina ceramic continuous fibers[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024, 52(8): 2738-2754.
[112]	Hunter G W, Neudeck P G, Okojie R S, et al. An overview of high-temperature electronics and sensor development at NASA glenn research center[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2011, 125(4): 658-664. doi: 10.1115/gt2002-30624
[113]	Schletz A, Nomann M, Rauch M, et al. Reliability of insulating substrates-High temperature power electronics for more electric aircraft [C]//Proceedings of the 2011 14th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications. Birmingham: IEEE, 2011: 1-7.
[114]	蓝奇, 马伏花, 尹彩流, 等. 空气预热器用耐高温电涡流间隙传感器的研究[J]. 广西电力, 2014, 37(2): 1-3. LAN Qi, MA Fuhua, YIN Cailiu, et al. Research on high-temperature resistant eddy current gap sensors for air preheaters[J]. Guangxi Electric Power, 2014, 37(2): 1-3.
[115]	郭少鹏. 无机粘接法制备三维陶瓷基板技术研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2021.
[116]	Huang Z, Li C, Zhou Z, et al. Magnetic bearing: structure, model, and control strategy[J]. The International Journal of advanced manufacturing technology, 2024, 131(5): 3287-3333. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3279203/v1
[117]	Burdet L, Aeschlimann B, Siegwart R. Thermal model for a high temperature active magnetic bearing [C]//Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 2004: 1-6.
[118]	潘健智, 曹登庆, 初世明, 等. 热膨胀诱导的转子轴向窜动与摩擦振动[J]. 航空动力学报, 2013, 28(5): 989-998. doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.2013.05.008 PAN Jianzhi, CAO Dengqing, CHU Shiming, et al. Thermally induced axial rotor excursion and friction vibration[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2013, 28(5): 989-998. doi: 10.13224/j.cnki.jasp.2013.05.008
[119]	Reigosa D, Garcia P, Briz F, et al. Modeling and adaptive decoupling of transient resistance and temperature effects in carrier-based sensorless control of PM synchronous machines. [S.L.]: IEEE, 2008: 1-8.
[120]	Montague G. Room temperature characterization of a magnetic bearing for turbomachinery[R]. Cleveland: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2002.