Research Progress and Prospect of Magnetic Fluid Vibration Energy Harvester
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摘要:
磁性液体振动能量采集器在低频振动环境中具有鲜明的技术优势，在机械振动监测、微纳传感器和人体可穿戴设备供电等领域具有广阔的应用前景. 随着能源需求的日益增长和环境问题的日益突出，开发高效、可靠的振动能量采集技术已成为当前研究的热点. 将磁性液体应用到振动能量采集器中，可降低能量采集器的频响阈值，提高能量采集器的能量采集效率. 这种创新性设计不仅能够有效拓宽振动能量采集器的应用范围，还能为微电子设备提供稳定的能量来源，具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值. 本文通过对国内外磁性液体振动能量采集器研究现状进行综述，详述电磁和摩擦电2种不同形式振动能量采集器的最新研究进展，在此基础上分析磁性液体振动能量采集器设计中磁性液体材料性能及壁面特性对其电学输出性能的影响，壁面材料的表面粗糙度和亲疏水特性也会显著影响摩擦电式能量采集器的输出性能. 因此，如何优化磁性液体材料性能和壁面特性以提高能量采集器的输出性能以及设计高效的能源管理系统以实现能量的稳定输出和有效利用，是未来研究的重要方向. 最后对磁性液体振动能量采集器未来发展的趋势进行展望，以期为相关研究提供参考.
Abstract:Magnetic fluid vibration energy harvesters demonstrate distinct technical advantages in low-frequency vibration environments and broad application prospects in fields such as mechanical vibration monitoring, micro-nano sensors, and power supply for wearable devices. With the increasing energy demand and the growing prominence of environmental issues, the development of efficient and reliable vibration energy harvesting technologies has become a current research hotspot. By applying magnetic fluids to vibration energy harvesters, the frequency response threshold of the energy harvesters can be reduced, and their energy harvesting efficiency can be improved. This innovative design broadens the application scope of vibration energy harvesters and provides a stable energy source for microelectronic devices, holding significant theoretical and practical value. This paper reviewed the current research status of magnetic fluid vibration energy harvesters in China and abroad, elaborated on the latest research progress of electromagnetic and triboelectric vibration energy harvesters, and on this basis, analyzes the influence of the performance of magnetic fluid materials and wall surface characteristics on the electrical output performance of magnetic fluid vibration energy harvesters. The surface roughness and hydrophobicity of the wall material can also significantly affect the output performance of triboelectric energy harvesters. Therefore, how to optimize the performance of magnetic fluid materials and wall surface characteristics to improve the output performance of energy harvesters, and design efficient energy management systems to achieve stable energy output and effective utilization, are important research directions for the future. The future development trends of magnetic fluid vibration energy harvesters were prospected, so as to provide references for related research.
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图 2 磁性液体微型发电机结构示意图及实验装置
Figure 2. Structure and experimental setup of magnetic fluid micro-generator
图 3 磁性液体电磁振动能量采集器
Figure 3. Electromagnetic vibration energy harvester for magnetic fluids
图 4 磁性液体减振-能量采集复合装置
Figure 4. Composite device of magnetic fluid vibration damping and energy harvesting
图 6 增强带宽非线性谐振电磁能量采集器
Figure 6. Enhanced-bandwidth nonlinear resonant electromagnetic energy harvester
图 8 磁性液体液-固摩擦纳米发电机原理
Figure 8. Principle of triboelectric nanogenerator of magnetic fluid-based liquid-solid
图 10 磁性液体多模态摩擦纳米发电机.（a）磁性液体超柔韧TENG装置；（b）磁场传感器；（c）不同纳米磁性颗粒浓度对TENG 电学输出性能的影响
Figure 10. Magnetic fluid-based multi-modal triboelectric nanogenerator
图 11 场辅助非接触式摩擦纳米发电机.（a）磁性液体-聚四氟乙烯 TENG 装置；（b - c）有润滑剂和无润滑剂情况下环形磁铁不同速度下的 TENG 装置响应；（d）FF-S TENG 装置的工作原理
Figure 11. Magnetic field-assisted non-contact triboelectric nanogenerator
图 12 磁性液体摩擦电自供能触觉传感器.（a）磁性液体摩擦电自供能触觉传感器结构示意图；（b）通过电子云相互作用解释接触起电现象；（c）在铜探针施加的不同静态压力下磁性液体摩擦电自供能触觉传感器的输出电压；（d）磁性液体摩擦电自供能触觉传感器的响应时间；（e）动态可变压力下实时输出电压的变化
Figure 12. Magnetic fluid-based triboelectric self-powered tactile sensor
图 13 磁性液体摩擦-电磁复合振动能量收集器
Figure 13. Composite magnetic fluid friction-electromagnetic vibration energy harvester
图 14 磁性液体SL-TENG.（a）基于磁性液体的摩擦纳米发电机装置；（b）摩擦纳米发电机装置的工作原理；（c-d）在无磁场和有磁场情况下，不同磁性液体体积所设计的 TENG 装置产生的电压和电流
Figure 14. Magnetic fluid SL-TENG
图 15 SL-TENG自传感磁性液体减振器.（a）在一个振荡周期内电荷载流子流动和工作单元运动的示意图；（b）与（a）中 i - iv 对应的电压信号的变化；（c）与（a）中 i - iv 对应的剪切力的变化
Figure 15. Self-sensing magnetic fluid damper based on SL-TENG
图 16 磁性液体的组成及其磁场响应特性
Figure 16. Composition and magnetic field response characteristics of magnetic fluids
表 1 磁性颗粒种类及优缺点
Table 1. Types of magnetic particles and their advantages and disadvantages
种类 磁性颗粒 优点 缺点 铁氧体磁性液体 Fe3O4，
γ- Fe2O3制备工艺
简单，经济饱和磁化强度相对较低 金属磁性液体 Fe, Co, Ni, Fe-Ni,
Fe-Co-Ni高饱和磁
化强度易氧化 氧化铁磁性液体 ε-Fe3N, γ-Fe4N, Fe8N 高饱和磁化强度，高矫顽力，稳定性好 制备工艺及设备复杂，生产受限 
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表 2 磁性液体基载液种类
Table 2. Types of magnetic fluid-based carrier fluids
基载液
种类饱和磁化
强度/Gs密度
× 103/
（kg•m−3）粘度/
（Pa•s）
[25℃]热导率/
（W•（m•
K−1））初始
磁化率/
（m•H−1）水 200±20 1.18 1～10 0.59 0.6 煤油 450±10 1.48 3～25 0.16 0.4 机油 450±50 1.23 20 0.15 0.8 酯 450±20 1.27 100 ～ 1000 0.16 0.25
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