Review of Characteristic Analysis and Countermeasures for Excitation Inrush Current in Railway Power Supply
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摘要:
近年来，铁路部门在现场空载投入经改造、检修或故障切除后的变压器时，多次出现因励磁涌流致使继保装置误动作的事件，这严重影响了供电可靠性. 为确保铁路供电系统安全可靠运行，在开展现场调研并综合大量文献分析的基础上，对我国铁路供电系统中励磁涌流给电气设备和铁路行车的危害进行系统分析；同时，基于变压器电磁等效模型，对励磁涌流的形成原因开展定性分析，指出剩磁、合闸偏磁是影响励磁涌流大小的主要因素；此外，还介绍国内外学者通过协调剩磁与合闸时间、外部增设电气元器件等方法抑制励磁涌流的研究现状，并归纳波形特征法、时频域分析法、神经网络法等励磁涌流波形识别技术的研究进展；最后，展望多场景和全工况的励 磁涌流暂态仿真、变压器高性能新材料和新结构的研发与应用，以及基于新型神经网络的波形识别技术及其保护配合措施等，认为这些是今后需要重点研究的领域.
Abstract:In recent years, incidents of misoperation of relay protection devices caused by excitation inrush current have occurred multiple times when transformers are put into no-load operation by railway departments on site after modification, maintenance, or fault removal, which seriously affects power supply reliability. To ensure the safe and reliable operation of the railway power supply system, based on on-site investigations and comprehensive analysis of extensive literature, the hazards of excitation inrush current to electrical equipment and railway operation in the Chinese railway power supply system were systematically analyzed. Meanwhile, based on the electromagnetic equivalent model of transformers, a qualitative analysis of the formation causes of excitation inrush current was conducted, pointing out that residual magnetism and closing bias magnetism are the main factors affecting the magnitude of excitation inrush current. In addition, the current research status of Chinese and international scholars on suppressing excitation inrush current by coordinating residual magnetism and closing time, as well as adding external electrical components, was introduced, and the research progress of excitation inrush current waveform recognition technologies, such as the waveform feature method, time-frequency domain analysis method, and neural network method, was summarized. Finally, multi-scenario and full-characteristic transient simulation of excitation inrush current, the research and development and application of high-performance new materials and new structures for transformers, as well as waveform recognition technology based on new neural networks and its protection coordination measures were prospected, which were considered as key areas for future research.
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图 3 励磁涌流机理与预防机制框架
Figure 3. Framework of excitation inrush current mechanism and prevention mechanism
图 4 单相变压器在断路器分合闸中的等效电路
Figure 4. Equivalent circuit of single-phase transformer during opening and closing of circuit breaker
图 11 牵引供电中的级联和应涌流
Figure 11. Cascading sympathetic inrush current in traction power supply
图 13 频时域分析法分解励磁涌流
Figure 13. Decomposition of excitation inrush current by time-frequency domain analysis method
图 14 神经网络法识别励磁涌流流程
Figure 14. Flowchart of recognizing excitation inrush current by neural network method
图 15 Iii接线牵引变压器差动保护逻辑图
Figure 15. Logic diagram of differential protection for Iii wiring traction transformer
表 1 铁路供电系统中的变压器分类
Table 1. Classification of transformers in railway power supply system
系统 名称 电压/kV 位置 电量保护 用途 牵引供电 牵引变压器 220 （110）/27.5 牵引变电所 差动速断、比率差动 为接触网供电 自耦变压器 55/27.5 AT 所、 AT 分区所 差动速断、比率差动 提高 AT 供电的供电质量 27.5 kV 所用变压器 27.5/0.23 牵引变电所 熔断器 为变电所交直流系统供电 10 kV 所用变压器 10/0.4 牵引变电所 熔断器 为变电所交直流系统供电 铁路电力 电力变压器 220 （110）/10 合建变电所 差动速断、比率差动 为10 kV 电力线路供电 调压变压器 10/10 配电所 稳定电压波动 配电变压器 10/0.4 车站、通号所、住户等 熔断器 铁路沿线生产、生活用电 
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表 2 第1个周波内磁链最大值和励磁涌流情况
Table 2. Situation of maximum flux linkage and excitation inrush current in first cycle
α Ψr=0 Ψr=Ψm Ψr=−Ψm 90° −2Ψm ±Ψm
（无励磁涌流）−3Ψm 0° 和 180° ±Ψm
（无励磁涌流）2Ψm −2Ψm 270° （−90°） 2Ψm 3Ψm ±Ψm
（无励磁涌流）
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表 3 选相合闸法对比表
Table 3. Comparison of phase-controlled closing methods
方法 优势 局限性 适用场景 快速合闸 抑制效果显著，周期内完成合闸 对三相剩磁有特定要求，其中一相剩磁为 0 新投运或去磁处理的变压器 延时合闸 对剩磁要求低，工程适应性较强 需已知首合相剩磁，延迟时间敏感 所有变压器 同步合闸 无需分相操作，符合现有设备 对三相剩磁有特定要求且其中一相剩磁为0 三相联动断路器系统
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表 4 励磁涌流应对策略及方法汇总
Table 4. Summary of coping strategies and methods for excitation inrush current
防线 策略 方法 原理及特点 局限性 应用范围 第1道防线 内部策略 合闸电阻法 合闸过程中串联电阻加速非周期分量衰减 引入合闸电阻、断路器等设备增加系统复杂性和成本 需要频繁控制合闸的场景 选相合闸法 基于铁芯磁化模型 通过铁芯磁化模型计算不同合闸时刻下的励磁涌流大小，确定最佳合闸时刻 计算量大、依赖模型准确性 需要频繁控制合闸的场景 经验估值法 根据历史数据和运行经验，确定最佳合闸时刻 普适性差、依赖样本量、普遍精度低 适用于成本较低、规模小或资源有限的电力系统 电压积分法 根据电压曲线积分结果，确定最佳合闸时刻 结果受起始积分时刻影响较大 适用于各类型变压器 基于变压器漏磁的剩磁测量法 所检测的漏磁间接推算铁芯内部剩磁，确定最佳合闸时刻 漏磁测量准确性易受强磁场环境影响 适用于各类型变压器 预先充磁/消磁法 在特定的合闸时刻下，通过建立外部受控磁场来调整剩磁至设定值 系统复杂性和设备成本高预先充磁或消磁的过程耗时长 专用于对安全性、稳定性要求较高的场景，如船舶领域的变压器 外部策略 基于电力电子技术的涌流抑制法 利用 PWM 控制器建立闭环反馈系统，精确控制电压上升速率，使设备平滑过渡到工作状态 引入 PWM 控制器等设备操作难度及维护成本高 专用于特定重点场所不适合大规模推广 辅助绕组非同步合闸法 通过辅助绕组所建立的阶梯形调制磁场，使铁芯磁通呈正弦变化，趋于稳定后非同步合闸 增加了系统复杂性和设备成本不适用于快速恢复供电的场景 常用于10、35 kV配电线路 并联电容消磁法 合闸前在电容和变压器的等效电感之间产生振荡，通过振荡电流逐步调整剩磁实现退磁效果 增加并联电容器、无需配置额外断路器，对电容参数要求高 适用于断路器自带电容器的330 kV 及以上的系统 第2道防线 励磁涌流识别及闭锁 波形特征法 故障电流和励磁涌流在偏度系数、峭度系数、正弦波相似性、间断角等波形特征上存在明显差异 对噪声敏感、识别复杂涌流波形的准确性差 适用于系统结构简单、配置基础的电力系统 时频域分析法 傅里叶分解类 将信号从时域转换到频域，通过正弦/余弦基函数展开表示信号的频率成分，提供全局频率信息 判断依据单一，无法适用于特殊波形 广泛应用于各类电力系统，包括铁路供电系统 小波分解类 利用具有伸缩和平移特性的母小波函数对信号进行多尺度分解，实现时频局部化分析，计算效率高 准确性依赖小波基函数的选取，复杂信号中可能模态混叠 广泛应用于各类电力系统，包括铁路供电系统 EMD 分解类 自适应地分解出的各 IMF 代表各自局部振荡模态结合希尔伯特变换获取瞬时频率，自适应能力强 抗模态混叠能力弱，端点效应严重 轴承故障、地震信号、生物医学信号、较复杂电力系统信号分析 VMD 分解类 构建并求解约束变分优化函数，将信号分解为特定带宽限制的 IMF，各IMF 中心频率和稀疏性明确，抗模态混叠能力强 需预先设定模态数量，参数敏感，计算复杂 数据预处理、轴承故障、生物医学信号、音频信号、图像处理分析，复杂的电力系统 神经网络 卷积神经网络 利用卷积核提取局部特征，结合池化操作实现平移不变性和层次化特征提取 对长距离依赖建模弱，结构固定 图像分类、目标检测、医学图像和复杂电力系统 Transformer 网络 基于自注意力机制，不依赖递归结构，直接建模全局依赖 计算复杂度高，需大量训练数据 自然语言处理、图像识别、视频理解和复杂电力系统
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