Fire Prevention Strategies for Min-Zhe Timber Arch Lounge Bridges Based on Digital Reconstruction
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摘要:
当前闽浙木拱廊桥大都存在详尽图纸资料缺失问题，导致保护效果不佳，且在火灾蔓延规律和防灾方面的研究较为匮乏. 为解决这些问题，提出基于三维扫描-BIM参数化的数字重建技术构建木拱廊桥数字孪生体，基于BIM-FDS （fire dynamics simulator）分析木拱廊桥火灾蔓延规律和防火策略. 首先，通过现场三维扫描获得合龙桥原始点云模型，经配准、去噪、抽稀处理后，建立BIM参数化数字孪生体，计算其火灾荷载密度；其次，采用IFC格式实现BIM与FDS交互，建立木拱廊桥火灾数字孪生体，通过热释放速率（HRR）、火灾蔓延现象、能见度、温度、有害气体浓度等参数进行仿真分析，在FDS中通过模拟分析多个典型火源场景工况得出火灾蔓延规律；最后，探讨材料阻燃处理、桥面非燃化改造及喷淋布设等防火优化策略. 研究结果表明：木拱廊桥火灾荷载密度高达4017.764 MJ/m2，远超国内外典型建筑，具有极高的火灾风险性；多个典型火源场景中，除去HRR突变值，拱结构、桥底工况的HRR峰值稳定在100、95 MW，桥中心、桥头工况的HRR峰值稳定在88、70 MW，桥侧底、桥顶工况的HRR在1000 s内未达到峰值，最大值分别为55、22 MW，因此，桥下起火的火灾风险性最大，桥面起火次之，屋顶起火和桥侧底面起火的火灾风险性相对较低；通过火灾仿真和多个火灾参数量化分析，证实了3种防火措施能延缓木拱廊桥火灾蔓延，且上下防火分区、木材阻燃、喷淋系统分别使得HRR峰值下降23、39、63 MW. 研究成果可作为木拱廊桥的信息存储、火灾蔓延量化分析以及预防性保护的依据，也可为文物建筑的长效安全运维提供技术支撑.
Abstract:Currently, most Min-Zhe timber arch lounge bridges suffer from the lack of detailed blueprint documentation, leading to unsatisfactory preservation effects and insufficient research on fire spread patterns and disaster prevention. To solve these problems, a digital reconstruction technology based on three-dimensional scanning and BIM parameterization was proposed to construct the digital twins of timber arch lounge bridges, and a BIM-fire dynamics simulator (FDS) was used to analyze the fire spread patterns and fire prevention strategies of such bridges. Firstly, the original point cloud model of Helong Bridge was obtained through on-site three-dimensional scanning, and after registration, denoising, and thinning processes, a BIM parametric digital twin was established to calculate its fire load density. Secondly, the IFC format was adopted to realize the interaction between BIM and FDS, and the fire digital twin of the timber arch lounge bridge was established. Simulation analysis was conducted through parameters such as heat release rate (HRR), fire spread phenomenon, visibility, temperature, and harmful gas concentration, and the fire spread patterns were derived by simulating and analyzing multiple typical fire source scenarios in FDS. Finally, fire prevention optimization strategies such as material flame-retardant treatment, bridge deck non-combustible transformation, and sprinkler system layout were discussed. The research results indicate that the fire load density of the timber arch lounge bridge is as high as 4 017.764 MJ/m2, far exceeding that of typical Chinese and foreign buildings, thus posing an extremely high fire risk. Among multiple typical fire source scenarios, excluding HRR mutation values, the HRR peaks of the arch structure and bridge bottom working conditions are stable at 100 MW and 95 MW, respectively. The HRR peaks of the bridge center and bridge head working conditions are stable at 88 MW and 70 MW, respectively. The HRR of the bridge side bottom and bridge top working conditions does not reach the peak within 1 000 seconds, with maximum values of 55 MW and 22 MW. Therefore, the fire risk of ignition under the bridge is the highest, followed by ignition on the bridge deck, while the fire risks of roof ignition and ignition at the bridge side bottom are relatively low. Through fire simulation and quantitative analysis of multiple fire parameters, it is confirmed that the three fire prevention measures can delay the fire spread of timber arch lounge bridges, and the upper and lower fire compartments, wood flame retardancy, and sprinkler systems reduce the HRR peak by 23 MW, 39 MW, and 63 MW, respectively. The research results can serve as the basis for information storage, quantitative analysis of fire spread, and preventive protection of timber arch lounge bridges and provide technical support for the long-term safe operation and maintenance of cultural heritage buildings.
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Key words:
- Min-Zhe timber arch lounge bridge /
- digital twin /
- fire prevention strategy /
- BIM /
- FDS
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图 6 不同网格尺寸组合HRR曲线和模拟耗时
Figure 6. HRR curves and simulation time for different grid size combinations
图 9 不同火源位置下的HRR时程曲线
Figure 9. HRR time-history curves under different fire source locations
图 13 上下防火分区处理前、后HRR曲线对比
Figure 13. Comparison of HRR curves before and after upper and lower fire partition treatment
图 15 木材阻燃处理前、后HRR曲线对比
Figure 15. Comparison of HRR curves before and after timber flame-retardant treatment
图 17 喷淋系统处理前、后HRR曲线对比
Figure 17. Comparison of HRR curves before and after sprinkler system treatment
表 1 合龙桥固定火灾荷载统计
Table 1. Statistics of fixed fire load of Helong Bridge
可燃物 材质 V/m3 ρ/（kg·m3） q/（MJ·kg） QF/MJ 廊屋结构 杉木 39.440 400 18.77 296118.974 桥面结构 杉木 17.382 400 18.77 130504.056 拱结构 杉木 32.000 400 18.77 240256.000 松木 5.296 500 19.22 50894.560 
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表 2 不同火源位置下的火灾蔓延场景
Table 2. Fire spread scenarios under different fire source locations
工况 时间 200 s 400 s 600 s 800 s 桥头 
桥中心 
桥底 
拱结构 
桥侧底 
桥顶 
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表 3 木材阻燃处理前后热释放速率变化
Table 3. Variation in heat release rate of timber before and after flame-retardant treatment
材料类型 时间/s 热释放速率/（kw•m−2） 杉木 0 0 150 450 阻燃杉木 0 0 25 150 50 15 150 90
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表 4 喷淋参数
Table 4. Sprinkler parameters
激活温
度/℃响应时间
指数/（m•s）0.5流量/
（L•min−1）射流
类型射流速
度/（m•s−1）粒子数
（个•s）68.33 50 49.05 圆锥形 5 5000
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