From Status to Theory: Connotation of Green Design in Railway Engineering
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摘要:
在国家全面倡导绿色交通建设的背景下，通过绿色设计推进绿色铁路工程，从源头实现铁路可持续发展已成为当前研究的重点. 为揭示铁路工程绿色设计内涵，首先通过系统梳理绿色设计相关定义，运用Python软件生成关键词云图，明晰绿色设计定义关键要义，进而结合绿色铁路工程实践特征界定铁路工程绿色设计定义；其次基于文献计量学和知识图谱方法，运用CiteSpace软件可视化分析铁路工程绿色设计研究内容的关键词结构特征和时序聚类特征，厘清该领域的主要研究主题；在此基础上，总结提炼铁路工程绿色设计基本内涵，基于“铁路工程-资源环境”双向耦合设计，从相容共生视角对铁路工程绿色设计内涵进行再释，以“铁路工程影响强度小于资源环境容量目标”为绿色设计准则，构建“铁路工程-资源环境”相容共生架构及其表征模型，量化工程影响强度与环境容量间的适配关系，实现绿色设计方案从定性比选向定量决策的转变；最后，从绿色设计要素、绿色设计要素耦合机理、绿色设计效果评估、绿色设计优化调控机制方面搭建绿色设计内涵解析逻辑框架，系统性解构铁路工程绿色设计内涵. 研究成果以期从设计角度为建设绿色铁路工程提供理论指导.
Abstract:With the national initiative for green transport development, it has become a key research focus to promote green railway engineering through green design and achieve sustainable railway development at the source. To reveal the connotation of green design in railway engineering, first, the relevant definitions of green design were systematically reviewed. A keyword cloud atlas was generated using Python to identify key elements of green design definitions. Based on practical features of green railway engineering, a definition was thus formulated for green design in railway engineering. Then, based on bibliometrics and knowledge mapping, CiteSpace was applied to visualize characteristics of keyword structures and temporal clusters in the research content of green design in railway engineering. On this basis, the fundamental connotation was summarized. Through a “railway engineering-resources & environment” bidirectional coupling, the connotation was reinterpreted from the perspective of compatible symbiosis. With a design criterion that engineering impact intensity must be less than environmental capacity, a “railway engineering-resources & environment” compatible symbiosis framework as well as its characterization model were constructed to quantify the compatibility between engineering impact intensity and environmental capacity. Therefore, green design schemes were allowed to shift from qualitative comparison to quantitative decision-making. Finally, a logical analytical framework was established for green design connotation from four aspects: green design elements, their coupling mechanisms, performance assessment, and optimization/regulation mechanisms, so as to systematically deconstruct the connotation. The results are expected to provide theoretical guidance for construction of green railway engineering.
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Key words:
- railway engineering /
- green design /
- life cycle /
- green performance /
- compatible symbiosis
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图 2 铁路工程绿色设计中、英文关键词共现图谱
Figure 2. Co-occurrence map of Chinese and English keywords for green design in railway engineering
图 3 铁路工程绿色设计中、英文关键词聚类图谱
Figure 3. Clustering map of Chinese and English keywords for green design in railway engineering
图 4 “铁路工程-资源环境”相容共生框架
Figure 4. “Railway Engineering‒Resources & Environment” compatible symbiosis framework
图 5 铁路工程绿色设计内涵解析架构
Figure 5. Analytical framework for connotation of green design in railway engineering
图 6 铁路工程绿色设计要素识别框架
Figure 6. Framework for identifying green design elements in railway engineering
图 7 铁路工程绿色设计要素耦合机理框架
Figure 7. Coupling mechanism framework of green design elements in railway engineering
图 8 铁路工程绿色设计效果评估框架
Figure 8. Evaluation framework for performance of green design in railway engineering
图 9 铁路工程绿色设计优化调控原理
Figure 9. Principles of optimization and regulation of green design in railway engineering
图 10 铁路工程绿色设计内涵解析内容
Figure 10. Analysis of connotation of green design in railway engineering
表 1 铁路工程绿色设计与传统设计对比
Table 1. Comparison between green design and traditional design in railway engineering
铁路工程传统设计 铁路工程绿色设计 范围 全专业、全要素、全过程 绿色关键专业、绿色要素、全过程 目标 工程安全、运能高效、运维可靠 增加“节约资源、保护环境、减少碳排放”绿色目标 观点 开放式线性思路为主 闭环式非线性思路为主 方法 微观结构设计为主 微观结构设计兼顾宏观规划 内容 选定主要技术标准、线路走向和建设方案，选定系统集成方案等工作内容 考虑铁路工程与资源环境之间交互影响关系，通过新技术、新工艺、新材料、新设备等手段提升绿色性能 
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表 2 基于标准规范的资源环境容量目标指标阈值
Table 2. Target indicator thresholds of resource and environment capacity based on standard specifications
标准 内容 《铁路边界噪声限值及其测量方法》
（GB 12525-90）[25]既有铁路边界铁路噪声限值：昼间≤70 dBA；夜间≤70 dBA；
新建铁路边界铁路噪声限值：昼间≤70 dBA；夜间≤60 dBA《地表水环境质量标准》
（GB 3838−2002）[26]规定了地表水环境质量标准基本项目标准限值 《大气污染物综合排放标准》
（GB 16297−1996）[27]规定了33种大气污染物的排放限值和执行要求 《电磁环境控制限值》
（GB 8702−2014）[28]规定了电磁环境中电场、磁场、电磁场（1 ～ 300 Hz）的场量限值，
如烟气排放限值、粉尘控制要求《铁路工程环境保护设计规范》
（TB 10501−2016）[29]涵盖噪声、振动、电磁、大气、水、固体废物等污染防治标准 《绿色铁路客站评价标准》
（TB/T 10429−2014）[30]对可再生能源利用、污水处理等提出绿色标准 《铁路工程节能设计规范》
（TB 10016−2016）[31]电力牵引系统能效标准（如单位能耗≤0.3 kW·h/（t·km））；
车站、车辆设备节能要求（如LED照明覆盖率≥80%）
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表 3 基于评估的资源环境容量目标指标阈值（示例）
Table 3. Target indicator thresholds of resource and environment capacity based on assessment （examples）
类别 指标/模型 计算公式 变量解释 资源环境承载限值指数评估：
$ {I}_{\text{RCI}}={W}_{\text{L}} {I}_{\text{LCI}} + {W}_{\text{W}} {I}_{\text{WCI}} + {W}_{\text{E}} {I}_{\text{ECI}} + \cdots $
（IRCI为资源环境承载限值指数，ILCI为土地资源承载指数，IWCI为水资源承载指数，IECI为生态承载指数，WL、WW、WE为各资源环境承载指数所占权重）土地资源承载指数[32] $ {I}_{\text{LCI}}={P}_{\text{a}} {E}_{\text{npc}} {E}_{\text{n}}{}^{-1} $ Pa为铁路修建所占面积，Enpc为铁路修建热量摄入标准，En为耕地资源产品转换为热量总量 水资源承载指数[33] $ {I}_{\text{WCI}}={P}_{\text{a}} {W}_{\text{pc}} {W}^{-1} $ Wpc为单位面积综合用水量，W为水资源可利用量 生态承载指数[34] $ {I}_{\text{ECI}}={P}_{\text{a}} ({C}_{\text{NPP}} 10000) {S}_{\text{NPP}}{}^{-1} $ CNPP为单位面积生态消耗量，SNPP为生态供给总量 $\vdots $ $\vdots $ $\vdots $ 资源环境容量模型 水体自净模型[35] $ {C}_{\text{W}}=31.536\left({C}_{\text{S}}{\text{e}}^{\theta \text{K}x {{(86.4 u)}^{-1}}}- $$ {C}_{0}{\text{e}}^{-\theta \text{K}x {{(86.4 u)}^{-1}}}\right)q $ CW为水环境容量，CS为水质目标浓度，$ \theta $为达标率，K为降解系数，x为沿程距离，86.4为计算单位换算的数值，u为水流流速，q为水流量 大气扩散模型[36] $ {C}_{\text{A}}=\dfrac{Q}{2\pi {\sigma }_{\text{x}}{\sigma }_{\text{y}}}g \text{exp}\left[\dfrac{-d_{\text{a}}^{2}}{(2\sigma _{\text{x}}^{2})}\right]\text{exp}\left[\dfrac{-d_{\text{c}}^{2}}{(2\sigma _{\text{y}}^{2})}\right] $ CA为大气环境容量，Q为污染源源强，σx为污染物在水平方向上高斯分布的标准差，σy为污染物在垂直方向上高斯分布的标准差，da为污染物中心到受体点在水平方向上的距离，dc为污染物中心到受体点在垂直方向上的距离 $\vdots $ $\vdots $ $\vdots $
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