Multi-Physical Field Coupling Calculation of Gas-Insulated Switchgear Bus Temperature Distribution Based on Radiative Cooling Technology
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摘要:
为了研究辐射制冷技术对解决户外高太阳辐射度环境下GIS（gas-insulated switchgear）母线筒温度分布不均的影响，首先，建立了GIS母线的三维电磁-热-流-辐射场的多物理场耦合模型，对比分析了GIS母线在有无太阳辐射和有无辐射制冷工况下的温度分布；其次，通过搭建简化实验平台验证了多物理场仿真模型的准确性；最后，通过仿真计算和理论推导，分析了环境温度、太阳辐射强度和太阳辐射角度对GIS母线降温效果的影响. 研究结果表明：在太阳辐射影响下，GIS外壳上下表面的最大温差为14.12 ℃，整体温度相较未考虑太阳辐射时上升了10～15 ℃，采用辐射制冷材料可使外壳上下表面最大温差减少51.56%；在一天中，辐射制冷材料的最大降温效果为14.6 ℃，平均降温效果为7.42 ℃，外壳表面上下侧的平均温差由10 ℃降低至5.16 ℃，均热性能提高48.4%；仿真模型的最大误差为7.9%；辐射制冷材料的制冷功率与太阳辐射强度和太阳辐射角度成反比，与环境温度成正比.
Abstract:Objective In the outdoor environment of high solar irradiance, the long-term operation of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) equipment will lead to uneven distribution of bus tube surface temperature, which will cause cracking at the fixed support of GIS. Radiative cooling technology has a good application prospect in the aspects of energy saving, cooling, and temperature uniformity, but there are few reports in the electrical field. Therefore, it is very important to study the radiative cooling technology to solve the influence of the uneven temperature distribution of the GIS bus barrel in an outdoor high solar irradiance environment.
Method In this paper, the influence of gas axial flow and solar radiation in GIS was considered, and a multi-physical field coupling calculation method of GIS bus temperature distribution based on radiative cooling technology was proposed. Firstly, a multi-physical coupling model of the three-dimensional electromagnetic, thermal, and flow-radiation field of the GIS bus was established, and the electromagnetic loss of the conductor and the shell was calculated in the electromagnetic field; then, the electromagnetic loss was introduced into the subsequent three physical fields. The subsequent multi-physical field calculation results in turn affected the conductivity and changed the electromagnetic loss, so as to carry out the coupling. The electromagnetic field and thermal field were bidirectional coupling through the resistance effect of electrical conductivity; the flow field and thermal field were bidirectional coupling through the gas density and other parameters, and the radiation field and thermal field were unidirectional coupling through the temperature change caused by solar radiation, and the emissivity of the object did not change with the thermal field. Secondly, the temperature distribution of the GIS bus was compared and analyzed under the conditions with or without solar radiation and cooling with or without radiation, and a study on the all-day cooling effect of radiative cooling materials on the GIS bus when the external parameters such as solar radiation intensity, solar radiation angle, and ambient temperature change with time in a day was carried out. Then, the accuracy of the multi-physics simulation was verified by a simplified experimental model. Finally, the effects of ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, and solar radiation angle on GIS, bus temperature, and the cooling effect of radiative cooling materials were discussed through simulation calculation and theoretical derivation.
Result Under the influence of solar radiation, the maximum temperature difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the outer shell of outdoor GIS is 14.12 ℃, and the overall temperature of GIS increases by 10–15 ℃ compared with that without considering solar radiation. The temperature distribution of GIS after using radiative cooling materials is roughly the same as that without considering solar radiation, or in other words, the effect of solar radiation can be offset by using radiative cooling materials, reducing the maximum temperature difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the shell surface by 51.56%. In one day, the maximum cooling effect of radiative cooling materials is 14.6 ℃; the average cooling effect is 7.42 ℃; the average temperature difference between the upper and lower sides of the shell surface is reduced from 10 ℃ to 5.16 ℃, and the soaking performance is increased by 48.4%. The experimental and simulation errors of the conductor and shell are less than 10% through the simplified GIS model. The temperature of the GIS conductor and the outer shell increases approximately linearly with the increase of ambient temperature and light intensity. The slope of the curve of the conductor and shell temperature changing with the light intensity is smaller than that of the uncoated conductor and shell. In other words, the use of radiative cooling materials can reduce the average temperature rise of the conductor and shell so that the temperature distribution is more uniform. At the same time, the radiative cooling material can reduce the temperature between the conductor and the shell and the average temperature difference between the conductor and the shell. The solar radiation angle has little influence on the overall temperature distribution of GIS. The reason is that the bus bar of GIS is cylindrical, and the area exposed by the sun in each direction is roughly the same, but it has a significant influence on the temperature at the intercept point. The temperature at the intercept point is the highest at the vertical incidence and decreases at the bilateral incidence.The cooling power of radiative cooling materials mainly depends on the emissivity of 8–13 um band, and the power amplitude caused by other bands is very small. In order to improve the size of the cooling power, the emissivity of the material in the 8–13 um band can be appropriately increased, so as to improve its cooling effect. When the ambient temperature is constant, the cooling power decreases with the increase of solar radiation intensity. When the solar radiation intensity is constant, the cooling power increases with the increase of the ambient temperature. In the process of the change of the solar radiation angle of 0°–90°, a greater solar radiation angle means lower cooling power, and the size of the cooling power is proportional to the cooling difference; a greater cooling power indicates a greater temperature than the ambient temperature reduction amplitude.
Conclusion After the application of radiative cooling material on the GIS bus barrel, the temperature of the GIS bus bar decreases, and the soaking performance of the bus barrel improves, which is of great significance for the calculation of outdoor GIS bus bar temperature and the improvement of temperature heterogeneity. However, the current research only applies the ideal condition that the emissivity of the radiative cooling material does not decrease with time. In practice, there will be some problems of contamination attached to the surface of the material or the service life of the material itself, so it is necessary to conduct more research on the application test on the physical GIS and the test of material emissivity change after long-term operation in the future.
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Key words:
- GIS bus /
- temperature distribution /
- multi-physical field coupling /
- radiative cooling /
- cooling power
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图 4 GIS截面温度分布（太阳垂直入射）
Figure 4. GIS cross-section temperature distribution (vertical sun incidence)
图 5 GIS截面温度分布（未考虑太阳辐射）
Figure 5. GIS cross-section temperature distribution (without solar radiation)
图 8 辐射制冷时GIS截面温度分布
Figure 8. GIS cross-section temperature distribution (radiative cooling)
图 18 太阳辐射强度和环境温度与制冷功率的关系
Figure 18. Relationship between solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature and cooling power
表 1 单相GIS母线基本参数
Table 1. Basic parameters of single-phase GIS bus
参数 数值 外壳外径/mm 460 外壳内径/mm 444 导体外径/mm 110 导体内径/mm 76 放置方式 水平 导体电导率/（S•m−1） 2.33 × 107 外壳电导率/（S•m−1） 3.03 × 107 
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表 2 模型参数
Table 2. Model parameters
材料 密度/
（kg•m−3）动力黏度/
（×10−5 Pa•s）导热系数/
（×10−2 W•（m•K）−1）恒压热容/
（J•（kg•K）−1）SF6 29.446 1.487 1.070 655.73 导体 2730 15500 893 外壳 2700 20100 900
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表 3 各测量点位置的误差率
Table 3. Error rate of each measuring point position
测量点位置 误差/% 导体（已涂） 7.90 导体（未涂） 4.42 外壳上表面中心（已涂） 3.34 外壳上表面中心（未涂） 5.91 外壳下表面中心（已涂） 4.82 外壳下表面中心（未涂） 6.80
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