Miniaturized Dual-Band Trackside Antenna Design and Its Electromagnetic Compatibility Study
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摘要:
为满足隧道内5G通信需求并提高轨旁天线利用率，提出一种基于超材料的双频轨旁天线，该天线具有同时支持列车自动控制系统和民用5G无线通信的能力. 首先，根据5G通信部署方案设计小型化双频轨旁天线，并使用有限元法模拟其在小型化前后的电磁特性，评估对隧道内电磁环境及其他辐射源的影响；其次，构建包含躯干、颅骨、大脑、心脏等重要组织的轻量化人体模型，以对比仿真传统单频轨旁天线和小型化双频轨旁天线的辐射对人体组织比吸收率（specific absorption rate, SAR）的影响. 研究结果表明：与传统单频轨旁天线相对，小型化双频轨旁天线工作在2.45 GHz和3.40 GHz频段的体积分别减小40%和20%，其周围隧道空间电场分别降低2.09%和6.57%以上，漏泄同轴电缆上的感应电场强度分别减小19.67%和32.41%，天线小型化后降低了对周围辐射源的影响，提高隧道内轨旁天线的电磁兼容性；小型化双频天线使人体躯干、颅骨、大脑、心脏的SAR值分别降低19.76%、46.60%、55.62%、55.28%以上，显著减小了天线对轨旁工作人员的辐射影响.
Abstract:To meet the demand for 5G communication in tunnels and increase the utilization rate of trackside antennas, a dual-band trackside antenna based on metamaterials was proposed, which could support both automatic train control systems and civil 5G wireless communication. First, a miniaturized dual-band trackside antenna was designed based on the 5G communication deployment scheme, and the finite element method was used to simulate the electromagnetic properties of the antenna before and after miniaturization. The impact on the electromagnetic environment and other radiation sources in the tunnel was evaluated. Second, a lightweight human body model containing important tissue such as the trunk, skull, brain, and heart was constructed, so as to compare the effects of radiation on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of human tissue between the simulated traditional single-band trackside antenna and the miniaturized dual-band trackside antenna. The results show that the miniaturized dual-band trackside antenna is 40% and 20% smaller than the traditional single-band trackside antenna when the antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and 3.40 GHz, respectively, and the electric field strength in the surrounding tunnel space is reduced by over 2.09% and 6.57%. The induced electric field strength on the leaky coaxial cable is reduced by 19.67% and 32.41%, respectively. The miniaturization of the antenna effectively reduces the impact on surrounding radiation sources and improves the electromagnetic compatibility of the trackside antenna inside the tunnel. The miniaturized dual-band trackside antenna makes the SAR values absorbed by the trunk, skull, brain, and heart of the human body drop by 19.76%, 46.60%, 55.62%, and 55.28%, respectively, which significantly decreases the radiation impact of the trackside antenna on occupational groups.
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图 2 3种天线的S参数仿真结果对比
Figure 2. Comparison of S-parameter simulation results of three antennas
图 4 天线加工实物图及仿真和测量的反射系数对比
Figure 4. Physical drawing of antenna processing and comparison of simulated and measured reflection coefficients
表 1 不同天线辐射下漏缆上的感应电场强度
Table 1. Induced electric field strength on leaky cables under different antenna radiations
频率/
GHz传统天线/
（V•m−1）小型化天线/
（V•m−1）减小比例% 2.45 1.22 0.98 19.67 3.40 3.24 2.19 32.41 
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表 2 人体组织介电参数和组织密度
Table 2. Dielectric parameters and density of human tissue
组织 2.45 GHz 3.40 GHz ρ/（kg•m−3） εr σ/（S•m−1） εr σ/（S•m−1） 躯干 41.31 1.57 40.18 2.19 1297 颅骨 18.55 0.81 17.53 1.16 1990 大脑 42.54 1.51 41.28 2.15 1038 心脏 54.81 2.26 53.001 3.11 1050
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表 3 躯干电场强度最大仿真值与ICNIRP限值对比
Table 3. Comparison of simulated electric field strength maxima of trunk with ICNIRP limits
V/m 频率/GHz 仿真值 ICNIRP 限值 2.45 0.07 61 3.40 0.09 61
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表 4 躯干SAR最大仿真值与ICNIRP限值对比
Table 4. Comparison of simulated SAR maxima of trunk with ICNIRP limits
W/kg 频率/GHz 仿真值 ICNIRP 限值 2.45 2.15 × 10−6 2 3.40 3.33 × 10−6 2
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