Characteristics of Micro-Pressure Wave Noise at High-Speed Metro Tunnel Exits and Noise Reduction
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摘要:
高速地铁进入隧道产生的初始压缩波传播到隧道出口时会产生微压波并引发噪声，某些情况下还会出现音爆现象，给当地居民带来严重的环境问题. 为有效控制隧道出口的微压波噪声，对微压波噪声的声学特性进行数值模拟研究，并提出一种针对低频微压波噪声的声学抑制结构. 首先，采用大涡模拟（LES）方法获取隧道出口的近场非定常流场数据，使用Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H)声学类比来预测微压波噪声的声源类型；其次，基于非定常流场数据采用声学有限元法（AFEM）计算微压波噪声的远场辐射，并分析隧道洞口声学结构对微压波噪声的减缓效果；最后，通过动模型试验验证数值方法的准确性. 结果表明：当列车速度为160 km/h时，隧道出口微压波噪声中偶极子噪声占据主导地位；偶极子噪声以半椭球面的形式向外辐射，其能量主要集中在20 Hz频率以下，峰值频率为4 Hz；偶极子噪声沿隧道出口方向上的衰减满足指数衰减规律；隧道洞口增设声学结构后微压波噪声有明显降低，隧道洞口外不同纵向平面上的噪声声压级降低约3 dB，标准测点（20 m和50 m）处的声压级分别降低3.54 dB和2.62 dB.
Abstract:Micro-pressure waves are generated and noise is induced when the initial compression wave generated during the entry of a high-speed metro train into a tunnel propagates to the tunnel exit. In some cases, sonic booms may also occur, resulting in serious environmental problems for residents. To effectively control the micro-pressure wave noise at tunnel exits, numerical simulation studies on the acoustic characteristics of micro-pressure wave noise were conducted, and an acoustic suppression structure targeting low-frequency micro-pressure wave noise was proposed. Firstly, large eddy simulation (LES) was employed to obtain near-field unsteady flow field data at the tunnel exit, using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy to predict the type of micro-pressure wave noise sources. Secondly, based on the unsteady flow field data, the acoustic finite element method (AFEM) was utilized to compute the far-field radiation of micro-pressure wave noise and analyze the mitigating effect of acoustic structures of the tunnel exit on micro-pressure wave noise. Finally, the accuracy of the numerical methods was validated through a moving model test. The results indicate that at a train speed of 160 km/h, dipole noise predominates in the micro-pressure wave noise at the tunnel exit. Dipole noise radiates outward in a semi-ellipsoidal shape, with its energy mainly concentrated below 20 Hz and a peak frequency being 4 Hz. The attenuation of dipole noise in the tunnel exit direction follows an exponential decay law. Adding acoustic structures at the tunnel exit significantly reduces micro-pressure wave noise. Specifically, the sound pressure levels (SPLs) outside the tunnel exit across various longitudinal planes decrease by approximately 3 dB. At the designated measurement points, located at 20 m and 50 m, the SPLs are reduced by 3.54 dB and 2.62 dB, respectively.
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Key words:
- tunnel exit /
- micro-pressure wave noise /
- noise characteristics /
- acoustic structures /
- noise reduction
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图 5 不同网格尺度下隧道出口外20 m处微压波
Figure 5. Micro-pressure wave at 20 m outside the tunnel exit under different mesh scales
图 7 隧道出口微压波的湍动能谱
Figure 7. Turbulent kinetic energy spectrum of micro-pressure wave at tunnel exit
图 9 数值模拟与动模型试验结果对比
Figure 9. Comparison of numerical simulation and moving model test results
图 10 隧道出口外不同位置的微压波时程曲线
Figure 10. Time history curve of micro-pressure wave at different locations outside the tunnel exit
图 11 不同类型声源辐射噪声的声功率级对比
Figure 11. Comparison of sound power levels of noise radiated from different types of sound sources
图 12 不同类型声源辐射噪声的声压级对比（20 m）
Figure 12. Comparison of SPLs of noise radiated from different types of sound sources （20 m）
图 13 不同频率下辐射噪声的空间分布
Figure 13. Spatial distribution of radiated noise at different frequencies
图 14 隧道出口外不同位置的噪声频谱
Figure 14. Noise spectra at different locations outside the tunnel exit
图 15 隧道出口外沿x方向的噪声衰减
Figure 15. Noise attenuation in x-direction outside the tunnel exit
图 16 Helmholtz腔声学超结构吸声降噪原理
Figure 16. Sound absorption and noise reduction principle of Helmholtz cavity acoustic superstructure
图 19 20 Hz时不同平面上的声压级等值线图
Figure 19. Contour plots of SPLs in different planes at 20 Hz
图 20 隧道出口外不同位置处的频谱分布
Figure 20. Spectral distribution at different locations outside the tunnel exit
表 1 网格独立性检测
Table 1. Grid independence verification
网格 基础尺寸/m 边界层第一层高度/mm 网格总数/万 压力幅值/Pa 偏差/% 微压波幅值/Pa 偏差/% 粗 0.6 0.01 1843 1143 14.8 中 0.4 0.01 2574 1158 1.31 15.4 4.05 细 0.2 0.01 3667 1165 0.60 15.6 1.30 
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表 2 数值模拟与动模型试验结果
Table 2. Numerical simulation and moving model test results
模式 压力幅值/Pa 偏差/% 微压波幅值/Pa 偏差/% 动模型试验 1864.1 79.2 数值模拟 1882.2 0.96 75.4 4.80
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表 3 环型声学超结构的降噪效果
Table 3. Noise reduction effect of ring-type acoustic superstructures
dB 隧道出口形式 20 m 处声压级 50 m 处声压级 4 Hz 1～200 Hz 4 Hz 1～200 Hz 无环型声学超结构 115.70 113.94 101.02 99.32 有环型声学超结构 111.74 110.40 95.72 96.70 降噪损失 3.96 3.54 5.30 2.62 降噪百分比/% 3.42 3.11 5.25 2.64
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