Research on Vehicle Head-on Collision Accident Reconstruction System Based on Inverse Analysis
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摘要:
为提高车辆对碰事故再现的精度与有效性，基于动量与动量矩守恒定理，建立车辆碰撞速度计算方程组，并通过碰撞坐标系旋转变换，构建车辆碰撞瞬间的解析模型；其次，将碰撞事故过程分阶段进行分析，构建车辆三维车身动力学模型；最后，基于3D MAX和OpenGL图形技术以及基础数据库技术，设计碰撞事故重建系统，并通过真实对向碰撞（对碰）事故案例进行仿真分析，以验证系统的精度和有效性. 研究结果表明：该系统模拟车速的平均相对误差小于5.1%，车辆运动轨迹吻合程度的平均相关性为0.85，有效解决了模拟车辆碰撞瞬间逆向不确定性方程组解析化难题.
Abstract:To enhance the precision and effectiveness of vehicle collision reconstructions, equations for calculating collision velocities were formulated based on the conservation of momentum and angular momentum. By using rotational transformations of the collision coordinate system, an analytical model of the vehicle dynamics at the moment of collision was developed. Subsequently, the collision process was segmented for analysis, and a three-dimensional dynamic model of the vehicle body was developed. Fianlly, by utilizing 3D MAX and OpenGL graphics technology, along with fundamental database techniques, a collision reconstruction system was designed, and simulation analyses of real-world head-on collision cases were performed to verify its accuracy and effectiveness. The findings reveal that the system achieves an average relative error of less than 5.1% in simulated vehicle speeds, with an average trajectory alignment correlation of 0.85. This system effectively resolves the analytical challenges of inverse uncertainty equations at the moment of collision.
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表 1 不同道路类型的系统坐标系建立方式
Table 1. Establishment methods for coordinate system for different road types
道路类型 系统坐标轴特征 东西向道路 x 轴位于车道中心线，y 轴垂直于车道 南北向道路 x 轴垂直于车道，y 轴位于车道中心线 T型道路 x 轴在东西向车道中心线，y 轴在南北向车道中心线 十字形道路 x 轴在东西向车道中心线，y 轴在南北向车道中心线 直弯组合道路 坐标原点在直角弯道交汇处，某一轴在车道中心线 
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表 2 事故主要计算数据
Table 2. Main calculation data of accident
参数名称 主要参与的计算阶段及原理 质量/kg 全阶段均参与计算；动能定理、动量守恒等 碰撞时左前轮坐标/m 第二、三阶段；动量、动量矩守恒 停止时左前轮坐标/m 第二、三阶段；动量、动量矩守恒 碰撞时车身与 x 轴向
夹角/（°）第二、三阶段；动量、动量矩守恒 停止时车身与 x 轴向
夹角/（°）第二、三阶段；动量、动量矩守恒 车身碰撞点与车身最前右点间横向距离/m 第二阶段；动量守恒 碰撞前制动距离/m 第一阶段；车辆运动力学 路面附着系数 第一、三阶段；车辆运动力学
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