Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Red Mud-Based Stabilized Crushed Stone
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摘要:
为实现赤泥基胶凝材料在道路工程中的安全应用，研究赤泥基稳定碎石基层在冻融循环作用下力学性能与质量的变化规律，采用工业CT扫描、扫描式电子显微镜与能谱仪（SEM-EDS）等方式探究冻融温度与次数对力学性能和质量损失的作用机制. 研究表明：20～−20 ℃、28 d条件下胶凝材料5%掺量最大质量损失率为1.85%；5%和6%赤泥基胶凝材料掺量下稳定碎石质量损失率变化幅度高于掺量7%和8%掺量下的变化幅度，且随着冻融循环次数的增加，质量损失率不断增加；通过工业CT与SEM-EDS微观分析，随着冻融循环次数增加，稳定碎石孔隙率增大，养生28 d、6%掺量稳定碎石经历20次冻融循环后，孔隙率增长1.53%，内部裂缝损伤增多并不断积累，呈现由少变多、由窄变宽的变化规律；研究结果对交通工程绿色建设和赤泥大宗量利用具有积极推动作用.
Abstract:In order to achieve the safe application of red mud-based cementitious materials in road engineering, the mechanical properties and quality of red mud-based stabilized crushed stone base under freeze-thaw cycles were studied. The influence of freeze-thaw cycle temperature and number on mechanical properties and quality loss was explored by industrial CT scanning and SEM-EDS. Research has shown that when the temperature ranges from 20 ℃ to −20 ℃ for 28 days, the maximum quality loss rate of the cementitious material with a 5% dosage is 1.85%. The change in quality loss rate of stabilized crushed stone with 5% and 6% red mud-based cementitious materials is higher than that with 7% and 8% red mud-based cementitious materials. In addition, with the increase in freeze-thaw cycles, the quality loss rate continues to increase. Through industrial CT and SEM-EDS microscopic analysis, as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the porosity of stabilized crushed stone increases. After the stabilized crushed stone undergoes 28 days of curing and 20 freeze-thaw cycles with a 6% dosage, the porosity increases by 1.53%, and internal crack damage increases and accumulates continuously, showing a changing pattern from less to more and from narrow to wide. The research results have a positive role in promoting the green construction of transportation engineering and the large-scale application of red mud.
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图 3 不同胶凝材料掺量条件下无侧限抗压强度
Figure 3. Unconfined compressive strength at different dosages of cementitious materials
图 4 不同冻融循环次数下无侧限抗压强度变化
Figure 4. Unconfined compressive strength change during freeze-thaw cycles
图 5 5%掺量时冻融循环作用下无侧限抗压强度
Figure 5. Unconfined compressive strength under freeze-thaw cycles at 5% dosage
图 6 冻融循环作用下间接抗拉强度变化
Figure 6. Indirect tensile strength change during freeze-thaw cycles
图 7 掺量5%时冻融循环作用下间接抗拉强度变化
Figure 7. Indirect tensile strength change during freeze-thaw cycles with 5% dosage
图 8 冻融循环对稳定碎石质量损失的影响（28 d）
Figure 8. Effect of freeze-thaw cycle on quality loss of stabilized crushed stone （28 d）
图 9 赤泥基稳定碎石界面过渡区微观结构
Figure 9. Microscopic structure of interface transition zone of red mud-based stabilized crushed stone
图 10 冻融循环作用前后稳定碎石CT扫描图像（掺量6%、未冻融、养生龄期28 d）
Figure 10. CT scanning images of stabilized crushed stone before and after freeze-thaw cycles （dosage of 6%, non-freeze-thaw, and curing period of 28 d）
图 11 不同冻融条件下稳定碎石微观结构与组成分析（赤泥基胶凝材料掺量6%、养生龄期28 d）
Figure 11. Microstructure and composition of stabilized crushed stone under different freeze-thaw conditions （red mud-based cementitious material of 6% and curing period of 28 d）
表 1 原料化学组成（质量分数）
Table 1. Chemical composition of raw materials (mass fraction)
% 类型 Fe2O3 Al2O3 SiO2 TiO2 Na2O CaO SO3 ZrO2 P2O5 MgO Cr2O3 MnO K2O 赤泥 53.63 19.48 8.30 7.26 4.86 4.65 0.42 0.42 0.24 0.23 0.19 0.11 0.08 矿粉 2.36 16.71 25.51 0.99 0.50 45.09 1.25 0.11 0.04 5.67 0.46 1.04 
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表 2 赤泥基胶凝材料主要技术指标
Table 2. Technical specifications of red mud-based cementitious materials
试验项目 标准稠度用水量/% 凝结时间/min 28 d 抗折强度/MPa 28 d 抗压强度/MPa 检测结果 27.36 初凝 226，终凝 366 9.64 24.50
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表 3 碎石骨料物理性质
Table 3. Physical properties of crushed stone aggregate
类型 压碎值/% 针片状含量/% 小于 0.075 mm 颗粒含量/% 表观相对密度 毛体积相对密度 吸水率/% 碎石 A 5.8 0.1 2.738 2.714 0.33 碎石 B 21.8 7.7 0.8 2.721 2.700 0.40 碎石 C 9.9 0.6 2.712 2.693 0.62 石粉 14.9 2.703
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表 4 骨料各筛孔通过百分率
Table 4. Percentage of passing each sieve opening of aggregate
% 类型 粒径/mm 31.50 26.50 19.00 9.50 4.75 2.36 0.60 0.08 碎石 A 100.0 87.4 3.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 碎石 B 100.0 100.0 84.0 7.1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 碎石 C 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.9 15.6 1.2 0.6 0.6 石粉 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.8 72.2 34.6 14.9
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表 5 最大干密度、最佳含水率和7 d无侧限抗压强度
Table 5. Maximum dry density, optimal water content, and 7 d unconfined compressive strength
级配名称 最佳含水率/% 最大干密度/
（g•cm−3）7 d 无侧限抗压强度/MPa 合成级配 1 4.4 2.316 5.32 合成级配 2 4.8 2.400 6.19 合成级配 3 4.6 2.356 6.09 合成级配 4 4.8 2.373 5.76
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表 6 不同冻融循环条件下的元素及质量分数
Table 6. Element content and mass fraction under different freeze-thaw cycle conditions
% 冻融条 件 点位 Ca Si Na Al Ca/Al Ca/Si Si/Al Na/Si Na/Al 20～−20 ℃，冻融 5 次 1 27.21 2.22 0.80 1.21 22.50 12.26 1.83 0.36 0.66 2 42.91 1.96 0.40 1.21 35.50 21.89 1.62 0.20 0.33 3 40.69 0.87 0.18 0.43 94.60 46.77 2.02 0.21 0.42 4 37.48 2.77 0.67 1.66 22.60 13.53 1.67 0.24 0.40 5 45.95 0.90 0.23 0.31 148.00 51.06 2.90 0.26 0.74 20～−20 ℃，冻融 20 次 1 18.47 9.48 2.63 4.45 4.15 1.94 2.13 0.28 0.59 2 27.72 12.31 1.03 10.33 2.68 2.25 1.19 0.08 0.10 3 10.47 9.25 4.48 10.29 1.02 1.13 0.90 0.48 0.44 4 24.12 12.97 1.01 9.77 2.47 1.86 1.33 0.08 0.10 5 41.97 17.74 0.20 0.84 50.00 2.36 21.10 0.01 0.24 40～−20 ℃，冻融 5 次 1 14.33 14.95 0.86 7.23 1.98 0.95 2.07 0.06 0.12 2 22.49 5.78 2.3 4.03 5.58 3.89 1.43 0.40 0.57 3 23.61 4.56 1.45 2.32 10.2 5.17 1.97 0.32 0.63 4 25.08 5.44 1.45 2.62 9.57 4.61 2.08 0.27 0.55 5 15.65 12.69 3.66 7.86 1.99 1.23 1.61 0.29 0.47 40～−20 ℃，冻融 20 次 1 0.19 2.40 2.20 0.65 0.29 0.08 3.69 0.92 3.38 2 0.10 1.95 1.34 0.42 0.24 0.05 4.64 0.69 3.19 3 0.37 7.32 2.28 4.11 0.09 0.05 1.78 0.31 0.55 4 0.21 8.73 5.68 0.34 0.62 0.02 25.70 0.65 16.70 5 0.59 4.80 2.27 0.84 0.70 0.12 5.71 0.47 2.70
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