Research Progress and Prospect of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals in Electrical-Thermal-Mechanics Field
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摘要:
液态金属兼顾液体和金属的特性，其研究与应用在工学各领域兴起. 镓基液态金属常温下呈液态，具有高沸点、高电导率、高热导率、安全无毒等优良特性，在电学、热学、力学和生物医疗等诸多领域取得了广泛的应用. 目前，镓基液态金属已成为前沿研究热点. 通过综合对比国内外研究现状，介绍镓基液态金属的制备方法及其性能改善的措施，分析几种典型镓基液态金属的理化性质，总结镓基液态金属在电力设备、柔性电子、电源储能、散热冷却、载流摩擦、极压润滑等应用领域的功能原理与研究进展，并提出其未来研究重点. 基于镓基液态金属合金的特性，对其在材料改性、新型电子器件、太阳能电池、轨道交通、电磁弹射等领域具有的应用潜力进行分析和展望.
Abstract:Liquid metal takes into account the characteristics of both liquid and metal, and it is increasingly studied and applied in various fields of engineering. Gallium-based liquid metal is liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point, high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, safety, non-toxicity, and other excellent characteristics, and it has been widely used in many fields such as electricity, heat, mechanics, and biomedicine. At present, gallium-based liquid metals have become a frontier research hotspot. By comprehensively comparing the research status in China and abroad, the preparation methods and performance improvement measures of gallium-based liquid metals were introduced, and the physical and chemical properties of several typical gallium-based liquid metals were analyzed. The functional principles and research progress of gallium-based liquid metals in the fields of power equipment, flexible electronics, power storage, heat dissipation cooling, current-carrying friction, and extreme pressure lubrication were summarized, and its future research focus was put forward. Based on the characteristics of gallium-based liquid metals, their potential applications in material modification, new electronic devices, solar cells, rail transit, electromagnetic ejection, and other fields were analyzed and prospected.
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液态金属 熔点/℃ 密度/(g·cm−3) 电导率/(S·m−1) 热导率
/(W·m−1·K−1)蒸汽压/Pa 黏度系数/(kg·m−1·s−1) Ga 29.8 6.09 3.4 × 106 28.7 1.00 × 10−35 2.04 EGaIn 15.7 6.25 3.3 × 106 26.4 1.99 GaInSn −19.0 6.44 3.1 × 106 25.4 1.33 × 10−6 2.40 
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