Review on Electrodynamic Suspension Trains and on-Board Superconducting Magnets
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摘要:
电动悬浮列车具有速度高、悬浮间隙大、安全系数高等优点，在超高速磁悬浮列车领域具有十分光明的应用前景. 车载超导磁体是超导电动悬浮列车的核心组成部分之一，其服役可靠性是列车安全运行的重要基础. 本文系统地阐述国内外电动悬浮列车的发展历史及现状，针对国内外电动悬浮系统中车载超导磁体的结构和技术方案进行对比和总结. 高温超导磁体技术已经成为超导电动悬浮领域的重要发展方向，在列车行驶过程中车载超导磁体系统的热稳定性和振动稳定性是影响其可靠服役的重要因素. 高温超导磁体闭环运行技术、轻量小型化低温系统结构设计、高强度低漏热支撑结构设计等将是未来超导电动悬浮系统中车载超导磁体需要重点研究和解决的关键技术难题.
Abstract:The electrodynamic suspension (EDS) train has the advantages of high speed, large suspension gap, and high safety factor. It has a bright application prospect in the field of ultra-high-speed maglev trains. The on-board superconducting magnet is one of the core components of the superconducting EDS train, and its reliability in service is the basis for the safe operation of the train. In this paper, the development history and status of EDS trains in China and abroad were summarized, and the structure and technical solutions of on-board superconducting magnets in global EDS systems were compared and summarized. The high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet technology has become an important development direction in the field of superconducting EDS. The thermal and vibration stability of the on-board superconducting magnet system during the running of the train is an important factor affecting its reliable service. The closed-loop operation technology of HTS magnets, the structural design of lightweight and miniaturized cryogenic systems, and that of high-strength and low heat leakage support devices will be the key technical problems that need to be studied and solved for the on-board superconducting magnets in superconducting EDS systems in the future.
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悬浮
类型悬浮原理 悬浮高
度/mm最高试验速
度/(km·h−1)最高应用速
度/（km·h−1）悬浮、导
向控制车载
磁体路轨
铺设车辆重量
（单节车厢）研究
进展EMS 车载磁体与铁磁轨道之间的相互吸引产生悬浮力 8～10 550
（德国 TR09）430
（上海磁浮
线 TR08）需要闭环控制，有静态悬浮 电磁铁 硅钢片 重，56.5 t
（德国 TR09）商业
运营EDS 车载磁体与“8”字线圈、导电板之间相对运动产生悬浮力 80～150
（超导电动
悬浮），
20～30
（永磁电动
悬浮）603
（JR 东
海 L0）505
（日本山梨
试验线 L0）自稳定，无需控制，无静态悬浮 超导磁
体，永磁体“8”字线圈，金属导电板 轻，25 t
（JR 东
海 L0）准商
业运营SPL 非理想第二类超导体的抗磁特性产生
悬浮力10～30 300
（西南交通
大学模型车）自稳定，无需控制，有静态悬浮 超导块材 永磁导轨 轻，12 t
（西南交通
大学工程
化样车）试验
阶段
下载: 导出CSV
参数 取值 悬浮方式 电动悬浮 编组 5 / 7 / 12 车辆尺寸（单节车厢）/m 长 25，宽 2.9，高 3.08 重量/（t·车厢−1） 25 设计最高速度/（km·h−1） 603 运行速度/（km·h−1） 505
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表 3 日本历代车载超导磁体主要技术参数对比[51, 59]
Table 3. Comparison of main technical parameters of on-board superconducting magnets developed in Japan[51, 59]
磁体
类型线圈尺寸/
mm额定电
流/A匝数/匝 导线材料 匝间
绝缘运行
方式电流衰减
率/（%·d−1）线圈工作
温度/K冷却方式 研究进展 LTS 长 1070，
宽 500500 1400 NbTi 闭环 < 0.1 4.2 液氦浸泡冷却，GM-JT 制冷机辅助 装车运行 一代
HTS长 1070，
宽 500536 1400 Bi-2223 闭环 0.4～0.7 < 20.0 GM 双极制冷机，
传导冷却单个磁体装车运行 二代
HTS长 1070，
宽 500250 2800 ReBCO 绝缘 开环 约 13.0 30.0～40.0 GM 制冷机，
传导冷却降温、励磁、振动、涡流，地面试验
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磁体类型 线圈尺
寸/mm磁动势/
kA运行电
流/A匝数/匝 导线
材料匝间
绝缘运行
方式线圈工作温度/K 冷却方式 研究进展 2020 年全尺寸推进车载磁体 长 520，
宽 420300 126.0 2610 ReBCO 无绝缘 开环 < 20.0 GM 双极制冷机，传导冷却 降温、励磁、推进，地面实验 2021 年1/2 尺寸车载磁体 长 600，
宽300150 85.4 1760 ReBCO 金属
绝缘闭环 30.0～40.0 氦气提前冷却，固氮保温 降温、励磁，地面实验
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表 5 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院车载LTS磁体主要技术参数[68-69]
Table 5. Main technical parameters of on-board LTS magnet developed by Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS[68-69]
项目 参数 磁体尺寸/mm 长 1278，宽 598，高 78 导线材料 NbTi 额定电流/A 274 匝数/匝 2 738 线圈工作温度/K 4.6 研究进展 试验阶段
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表 6 中国上海交通大学车载HTS磁体主要技术参数[71-74, 76-77]
Table 6. Main technical parameters of on-board HTS magnet developed by SJTU, China [71-74, 76-77]
团队
名称磁体尺
寸/m磁动
势/kA导线材料 匝数/匝 匝间绝缘 运行
方式电流衰减
率/（ %·d−1）线圈工作
温度/K冷却方式 研究进展 黄振团队 长 0.83，
宽 0.24，
高 0.93360 ReBCO 2400 无绝缘 闭环 2.0 30.0～40.0 可插拔制冷机冷却，固氮辅助冷却 降温、励磁、振动，
地面试验吴蔚团队 长 1.6，
宽 0.3，
高 0.8360 ReBCO 1800 无绝缘 闭环 < 1.1 < 35.6 可插拔制冷机冷却，
固氮辅助冷却已研制5台磁体，
并投入试验运行
下载: 导出CSV
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