Characteristics and Significance of New Geological Tectonic Activities in Niba Mountain Fault Zone
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摘要:
在京昆高速公路雅安至西昌段泥巴山隧道场地区构造地质测绘中发现了新的地质构造现象，为论证泥巴山断裂带性质和新构造现象的区域地质构造意义，采用石英颗粒形态扫描、地质力学与岩体力学原理和数值模拟分析方法. 首先，阐述泥巴山隧道场地区的工程地质环境和新构造现象；然后，论述泥巴山断裂带边界断层和区域构造的活动性；其次，对新构造现象的区域地质构造意义进行探讨；最后，利用数值模拟分析论证新构造现象的存在性和区域构造新格架证据的合理性. 结果表明：泥巴山断裂带具有明显的新构造活动特征；新构造变形现象所属的泥巴山断裂带与川西“Y”字型活动构造带中的鲜水河活动断裂带有成因上的同根性，是鲜水河断裂带的东南延伸部分；泥巴山断裂带及其东南延伸断裂（峨边—马边—雷波段）与川西“Y”字型活动构造带构成了原生性的类“X”型构造模式，并具有孕育中强震活动的条件.
Abstract:New geological phenomena have been found in the structural geological mapping of Niba Mountain tunnel field of Ya’an to Xichang section of Beijing−Kunming Expressway. To demonstrate the nature of the Niba Mountain fault zone and new tectonic phenomena of regional geological tectonic significance, using quartz particle morphology scan, geological mechanics and rockmass mechanics theory and numerical simulation analysis method, first elaborated the area of Niba Mountain tunnel engineering geological environment and the new tectonic phenomena, and then discusses the Niba Mountain fault zone boundary faults and tectonic activity, Secondly, the regional geological tectonic significance of the neotectonic phenomenon is discussed. Finally, the existence of the neotectonic phenomenon and the rationality of the evidence of the regional tectonic new framework are demonstrated by numerical simulation analysis. The results show that: 1) the Niba Mountain fault zone has obvious neotectonic activity characteristics; 2) the Niba Mountain fault zone to which the new tectonic deformation phenomenon belongs has genetic homology with the Xianshuihe active fault zone in the “Y” shaped active tectonic zone in western Sichuan, which is the southeast extension of the Xianshuihe fault zone; 3) the Niba Mountain fault zone and its southeastern extension fault (Ebian−Mabian−Leibo segment) and the “Y” shaped active tectonic zone in western Sichuan constitute the original “X” type tectonic model, and have the conditions for the breeding of moderate and strong earthquake activities.
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Key words:
- Niba Mountain /
- neotectonic phenomena /
- movable structure /
- fault zone
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图 1 隧址区断层及构造新现象平面分布
Figure 1. Plane distribution of faults and structural new phenomena in the tunnel site
图 9 西南地区断裂及震中分布特征
Figure 9. Fault and epicenters distribution characteristics in southwest China
图 11 燕山期川西构造模式示意
Figure 11. Tectonic model of Western Sichuan of Yanshan tectonic period
表 1 中小断层参数统计表
Table 1. Statistics of parameters of small and medium fault
按断层走向统计 按断层倾角统计 走向 条数/条 占比/% 倾角/（°） 条数/条 占比/% NEE 3 7.1 0～15 0 0 NE 5 11.9 15～30 0 0 NNE 3 7.1 30～45 1 2.4 NNW 5 21.5 45～60 6 14.3 NW 17 40.5 60～75 14 33.3 NWW 9 11.9 75～90 21 50.0 
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表 2 石英颗粒形态电子扫描显微（SEM）测年结果
Table 2. SEM dating results of quartz grains
等级代号形态 贝壳状 Io 次贝壳状 Ia 橘皮状 Ib 鱼鳞状 Ic 苔藓状 Ⅱ 钟乳/虫蛀
状 Ⅲ锅穴/珊瑚状 Ⅳ 活动年代推测 观测个数/个 占比/% 观测个数/个 占比/% 观测个数/个 占比/% 观测个数/个 占比/% 观测个数/个 占比/% 观测个数/个 占比/% 观测个数/个 占比/% 现象 1 0 0 5 15.6 0 0 9 28.1 18 56.3 0 0 0 0 ${\rm{N}}_2^1 $、${\rm{N}}_2^2 $概率最大，Q1 及 Q3 均有 现象 2 10 9.8 24 23.6 9 8.8 18 17.6 18 17.6 12 11.8 11 10.8 Q3 概率最大，其余均有 现象 3 10 7.5 29 21.6 9 6.7 27 20.1 36 26.9 12 9.0 11 8.2 ${\rm{N}}_2^1 $、${\rm{N}}_2^2 $ 概率最大，其余均有 现象 4 0 0 1 4 0 0 7 28.0 17 68.0 0 0 0 0 ${\rm{N}}_2^1 $、${\rm{N}}_2^2 $ 概率最大，Q1 及 Q3 均有 年代/万年 0～
1.17（Q4）1.17～
12.60（Q3）12.60～
78.00（Q2）78.00～
259.00（Q1）259.00～
360.00（${\rm{N}}_2^2 $）360.00～
530.00（${\rm{N}}_2^1 $）＞530.00
（N1）总样品数 293 个
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表 3 西南部分地区地震线特征
Table 3. Seismic line characteristics in parts of southwest China
序号 地震线
名称经过地 方向 长度/km 所处的活动构造带名称 （1） 筠连—东川 筠连—昭通—东川 N32.8°E 283.7 东川—筠连—华蓥山 （2） 犍为—永仁 千位—马边—美姑—攀枝花—永仁 N32.8°E 430.2 犍为—马边，攀枝花—永仁 （3） 平武—丽江 平武—汶川—宝兴—宁蒗—丽江 N32.8°E 797.8 龙门山，木里—宁蒗—丽江 （4） 九寨沟—腾冲 九寨沟—松潘—新都桥—稻城—中甸—腾冲 N32.8°E 853.1 九寨沟—黑水，丹巴—新都桥，
中甸—腾冲（5） 松潘—曲靖 松潘—校场—汶川—马边—
东川—曲靖SN 708.7 松潘—校场，龙门山，马边—昭通，
东川曲靖（6） 马尔康—西昌 马尔康—金川—丹巴—石棉—
冕宁—西昌SN 468.5 安宁河，鲜水河及龙门山 （7） 甘孜—大理 甘孜—新龙—理塘—丽江—大理 SN 625.3 甘孜—理塘，丽江—大理 （8） 甘孜—马边 甘孜—炉霍—道孚—康定—马边 N32.8°W 602.1 鲜水河，马边—永善 （9） 理塘—曲靖 理塘—西昌—宁南—巧家—
东川—曲靖N32.8°W 592.2 理塘—木里，西昌巧家，东川—曲靖 （10） 中甸—永仁 中甸—丽江—永仁 N32.8°W 289 中甸—丽江—永仁
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表 4 断层特征简表
Table 4. Summary of fault characteristics
断裂带名称 产状 长度/km 性质 组成断层/条 活动年限/万年 备注 鲜水河断裂 N40.0°W/SW∠60° 400 左旋兼逆冲 3 1.00 （全新世） 区域性断裂 龙门山断裂 N40.0°E/NW∠60° 500 右旋兼逆冲 3 1.00 （全新世） 安宁河断裂 N2.0°E/SE∠70° 350 逆冲兼左旋 2 1.00 （全新世） 荥—马断裂 N28.0°W/SW∠60° 250 逆冲兼左旋 9 1.00 （全新世） 九襄断裂 N60.0°E/NW∠47° 30 压扭 1 6.24～7.15 （晚更新世） 隧址区控制性断裂 保凰断裂 N40.0°W/SW∠75° 100 左旋兼逆冲 2 40.70～51.90 （中更新世） 金坪断裂 N20.0°W/NE∠60° 84 左旋斜冲 1 10.72～12.54 （晚更新世） 红花断裂带 N30.0°W/SW∠85° 50 压性 1 36.76～43.06 （中更新世） 曹大坪断层 N35.0°W/SW∠86° 25 压扭 1 6.40～7.60 （晚更新世）
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表 5 岩体工程特性参数表
Table 5. Rock engineering characteristic parameter
深度
段/km分区 容重/
（kN·m−3）弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 内摩擦角/（°） 黏聚
力/MPa[0, 5] Ⅰ 24.0 45 0.22 40 25.00 Ⅱ 26.0 40 0.22 35 20.00 Ⅲ 26.0 35 0.22 37 22.00 断层岩 21.0 2 0.24 17 0.10 (5, 15] Ⅰ 26.0 80 0.25 55 37.00 Ⅱ 26.5 75 0.25 50 32.00 Ⅲ 26.5 70 0.24 45 27.00 断层岩 22.0 3 0.26 18 0.10 (15, 25] 完整岩 2.7 90 0.26 60 50.00 断层岩 24.0 5 0.27 19 0.12 (25, 45] 完整岩 2.8 100 0.28 55 45.00 断层岩 25.0 5 0.28 19 0.12
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表 6 隧址区岩体地应力测试结果
Table 6. Ground stress test results of rock mass in tunnel area
孔号 压裂段
深度/m应力值/MPa 较大水平主应力方向 σH σh σv Zk2 351.20 16.02 10.10 9.31 N37.0°W Zk2 430.74 20.12 14.20 11.42 N20.0°W Zk3 662.23 19.59 13.23 17.23 N48.0°W Zk3 753.50 18.56 13.16 19.60 N68.0°W Zk3 906.45 21.41 15.04 23.58 N58.0°W Zk4 1113.12 25.08 18.11 28.92 N55.0°W Zk4 1262.49 29.54 21.98 32.80 N59.0°W Zk4 1324.27 32.84 22.98 34.40 N67.0°W Zk5 617.35 9.56 8.21 16.81 N52.0°W Zk5 804.62 14.33 12.85 21.90 N67.0°W Zk5 831.11 17.86 13.26 22.60 N75.0°W
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表 7 区域岩体地应力测试结果
Table 7. Ground stress test results of rock mass in region
测量地点 岩性及时代 σH/MPa σh/MPa 最大主应
力方向普格荞窝 奥陶纪灰岩 6.22 4.70 N54.4°W 冕宁泸沽 燕山期花岗岩 4.12 3.66 N59.3°W 丹巴 海西期角闪岩 5.35 3.45 N24.2°W 雅江 三叠纪砂岩 6.48 4.84 N56.0°W 宝兴锅巴岩 奥陶纪大理岩 8.75 6.13 N60.7°W 康定呷巴 三叠纪砂板岩 6.55 5.15 N85.7°W 康定长河坝 晋宁期花岗岩 6.15 3.00 N82°W 天全 老第三纪砂岩 4.69 3.29 N68.6°W 雅安 老第三纪砂岩 4.13 2.50 N45.0°W 乾宁 三叠纪砂岩 3.65 2.46 N53.4°W 理塘 三叠纪板岩 8.50 4.55 N34.5°W 义敦 燕山期花岗岩 4.76 1.66 N33.4°W
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