Friction and Wear Performance of Pantograph-Catenary System in Electrified Railways: State of the Art
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摘要:
针对电气化铁路弓网正常和异常状态的接触副，分析受电弓滑板磨耗周期内的摩擦磨损性能差异性，特别是受电弓滑板的磨耗率和磨耗型面的差异性，包括：发生异常磨损时受电弓滑板磨损率数倍甚至数十倍的增长差异，以及局部偏磨、波浪型磨耗和贯穿性凹坑等磨耗型面差异；着重归纳不同弓网系统载流摩擦磨损试验台的特点及异同，总结磨耗检测接触式测量方法与非接触式测量方法的优劣；分析弓网系统结构及参数、列车运行参数、弓网系统载流参数及外界环境等因素的影响，归纳总结弓网载流摩擦磨损特性的演变规律. 在此基础上，综合分析弓网系统磨耗机理分析模型和数据拟合模型的研究现状和进展，并给出弓网系统载流摩擦磨损性能在后续研究中所需重点关注的研究方向和发展趋势，包括：弓网摩擦副的真实服役工况在实验室条件下的等效模拟；弓网磨耗性能的在线高精度检测；复杂气候条件及多物理场耦合作用下弓网磨耗性能的仿真和优化；结合大数据和智能算法的弓网磨耗预测，以及智能运维策略和全生命周期的能力保持技术等.
Abstract:For pantograph-catenary contact pairs in electrified railways operating in normal and abnormal states, the friction and wear performance of pantograph strip differentiates in a wear cycle, highlighted by differences in wear rate and wear profile. When abnormal wear occurs, the wear rate of pantograph strip will have a multifold increase or even dozens of times increase, but the wear profile acts differently, revealing partial eccentric wear, wavy wear, and penetrating wear. The similarities and differences in current-carrying friction and wear platforms are summarized for pantograph-catenary systems, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of contact and non-contact detection methods. The influential factors and evolution law are analyzed in view of the structure and parameters, train operation parameters, current-carrying parameters and external environment of pantograph-catenary system. Following above work, the state of the art of pantograph-catenary wear models, including mechanism analysis model and data fitting model, are analyzed extensively, and the prospective direction and development trend are put forward, such as, the equivalent simulation of a pantograph-catenary friction pair in real service under laboratory conditions, online high-precision detection of pantograph-catenary wear performance, simulation and optimization of pantograph-catenary wear performance in complex climatic conditions and multi-physical field coupling, pantograph-catenary wear prediction using big data and intelligent algorithms, intelligent operation and maintenance strategies, and capability maintenance in the whole life cycle.
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图 1 销-盘式弓网载流摩擦磨损试验台
Figure 1. Pin-disc pantograph-catenary current-carrying friction and wear test bench
图 2 高速弓网载流摩擦磨损试验台
Figure 2. High-speed current-carrying pantograph-catenary test bench for friction and wear
图 8 弓网系统摩擦磨损性能的影响因素
Figure 8. Influence factors of friction and wear performance in pantograph-catenary system
图 13 接触线拉出值波浪形分布及滑板磨耗型面
Figure 13. Waveform distribution of stagger and wear profile of strip
图 12 接触线拉出值正态分布及滑板磨耗型面
Figure 12. Normal distribution of stagger and wear profile of strip
图 14 弓网运行参数对磨耗性能的影响关系
Figure 14. Influence of pantograph-catenary operation parameters on wear performance
图 18 受电弓滑板磨耗性能预测流程
Figure 18. Process of predicting wear performance for pantograph strip
表 1 滑板材料分类及优劣
Table 1. Classification, advantages and disadvantages of strip materials
滑板种类 优点 缺点 纯金属滑板 机械强度高、导电性能好、使用寿命长、成本低、取材方便、引发故障率低 对导线磨损严重，易与导线发生黏着效应、耐高温性能差、易熔融 粉末冶金滑板 机械强度较好、表面硬度适中、抗冲击性能、导电性能良好 对导线磨损严重 纯碳滑板 对导线磨耗小、较强的自润滑性能和减磨性能、电磁噪声小、耐高温 机械强度低、抗冲击性能差、易磨损、发生断裂和掉块 浸金属碳滑板 机械强度高、耐冲击、导热性能好、与导线接触电阻小、耐磨、使用寿命长、耐电弧烧蚀 抗冲击性能差、易掉块、维护成本高 复合材料滑板 良好的自润滑性、抗冲击性和抗折强度 易发生导电性能恶化、生产周期长，成本高 
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表 2 常见滑板的主要技术参数
Table 2. Main technical parameters of strip
滑 板 体积密度/
（g·cm−3）硬度 电阻率/
（μΩ·m）冲击韧性/
（J·cm−2）抗拉/抗折
强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa 磨损率/
（mm·万公里−1）粉末冶金
滑板（铁基）＜8.0 HBS≤140 ≤0.35 ≥7.00 抗拉≥140 ≥290 ≤9.0 粉末冶金
滑板（铜基）7.8～8.2 HBS：60～90 ≤0.35 ≥7.00 抗拉≥120 — ≤12.0 浸金属滑板 ≤3.0 HS≥85 ≤12.00 ≥0.25 抗折≥85 ≥280 ≤13.0 碳滑板 ≤1.8 HS：60～100 ≤40.00 ≥0.10 抗折≥30 ≥40 ≤12.0
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表 3 预测模型对比
Table 3. Comparison of prediction models
模型类型 优点 缺点 机理分析模型 精度较高、可通过实时数据对磨耗量实时预测 各影响因素贡献度量化较困难；机理分析阶段对设备精度要求较高 数据拟合模型 通过较短期试验量化各影响因素，且可保证较好的精度 拟合所需数据量较大；线路应用较困难
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