泡沫铝压缩试验及等效仿真模型研究

王佳铭; 谭跃东; 靳智慧; 闫莉莹; 纪程; 李志刚; 邵特立

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20210563

泡沫铝压缩试验及等效仿真模型研究

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20210563

1.
北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院，北京100044
2.
大连机车车辆有限公司，辽宁大连116022
3.
交控科技股份有限公司，北京100070

基金项目: 中央高校基本科研业务费（2019JBM048）；北京市自然科学基金-丰台轨道交通前沿研究联合基金（L201010）

详细信息

作者简介:
王佳铭（1994—），男，博士研究生，研究方向为冲击碰撞与人员损伤防护，E-mail：20116030@bjtu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
李志刚（1983—），男，副教授，研究方向为冲击碰撞与人员损伤防护，E-mail：zgli@bjtu.edu.cn

中图分类号: V252.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-20
- 修回日期: 2021-11-23
- 网络出版日期: 2022-10-25
- 刊出日期: 2022-01-14

Study on Compression Test and Equivalent Simulation Model of Aluminum Foam

1.
School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2.
Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd., Dalian 116022, China
3.
Traffic Control Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China

摘要

摘要:
为了研究泡沫铝结构在直升机耐坠性设计中的应用效果，本文基于万能材料试验机和霍普金森压杆分别对两种相对密度的闭孔泡沫铝在准静态（0.001 /s）和高应变率下（500 /s、1000 /s）的力学性能进行了测试；然后，建立了可反映应变率效应的泡沫铝等效有限元模型；最后，将泡沫铝等效模型应用于直升机驾驶舱耐坠性的仿真中，分析了置入不同密度泡沫铝等效模型后直升机受到的冲击和变形情况. 结果表明：泡沫铝的平台应力以及质量比吸能随相对密度、应变率的增加而增加，但密实化应变则相反；泡沫铝等效有限元模型与实验结果曲线保持一致，模型准确性较高；此外，通过置入两种密度的泡沫铝材料，驾驶舱地板的最大变形量分别减少了28%和73%，机身部件的承载压力平均减少了28%和42%，高密度泡沫铝承载能力更强，效果更好.
- 泡沫铝 /
- 应变率 /
- 相对密度 /
- 吸能 /
- 等效模型 /
- 直升机耐坠性
Abstract:
In order to investigate the effectiveness of aluminum foam for helicopter crashworthiness design, the mechanical properties of closed cell aluminum foam with two relative densities were tested at quasi-static (0.001 /s) and high strain rates (500 /s, 1000 /s) based on universal testing machine and Hopkinson bar, respectively. An equivalent finite element (FE) model of aluminum foam which considers the strain rate was established. The developed equivalent model of the aluminum foam with different relative densities was applied to the dropping simulation of a helicopter FE model. The crushing level and the deformation of the helicopter were investigated. The results show that the platform stress and mass specific energy absorption increase with relative density and strain rate, but the opposite is true for densification strain. The equivalent finite element model has high accuracy whose response curve can keep consistent with the experimental results. In addition, the maximum deformation of the helicopter floor has been reduced by 28% and 73% and the load-bearing pressure on each component has been reduced by 28% and 42% on average as the aluminum foam with different relative densities was added into the bottom cockpit of the helicopter. The load carrying capacity of aluminum foam with high relative density is higher and more effective.
- aluminum foam /
- strain rate /
- relative density /
- energy absorption /
- equivalent model /
- helicopter crashworthiness

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图 1 高孔隙率泡沫铝试样及试件设计

Figure 1. Design of aluminum foam specimen with high porosity

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图 2 试验装置

Figure 2. Test apparatus

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图 3 不同密度的泡沫铝压缩应力-应变曲线

Figure 3. Stress-strain curves of aluminum foams with different densities

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图 4 不同密度的泡沫铝准静态压缩过程

Figure 4. Quasi-static compressive processes of aluminum foams with different densities

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图 5 相对密度及应变率对不同密度泡沫铝承载吸能的影响规律

Figure 5. Influence of relative density and strain rate on the load-carrying and energy absorption of aluminum foams with different densities

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图 6 泡沫铝等效模型示意

Figure 6. Equivalent FE model of aluminum foam

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图 7 泡沫铝本构拟合结果

Figure 7. Constitutive fitting results of aluminum foam

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图 8 对泡沫铝在0.001 /s下的应力-应变曲线缩放结果的拟合

Figure 8. Fitting on the scaling results of the stress-strain curve at 0.001 /s

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图 9 缩放系数随应变率变化标定结果

Figure 9. Calibrated results of scaling factors varying with strain rate

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图 10 仿真与实验结果对比

Figure 10. Simulation and experimental results for aluminum foam with low relative density

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图 11 直升机驾驶舱有限元模型

Figure 11. Finite element model of helicopter cockpit

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图 12 3种模型跌落仿真过程对比

Figure 12. Comparison of simulation results for the three models under dropping conditions

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图 13 驾驶舱底部最大变形量结果

Figure 13. Maximum deformation of the bottom of the cockpit

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图 14 驾驶舱垂向跌落仿真结果

Figure 14. Simulation results of the cockpit under dropping conditions

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表 1 不同密度泡沫铝压缩试验结果

Table 1. Test results of aluminum foams with different densities

试件	应变率/（s⁻¹）	平台应力 /MPa	密实化应变	质量比吸能/ （kJ·kg⁻¹）
低密度试件	0.001	0.95	0.57	1.88
	500	1.31	0.53	2.75
	1000	1.37	0.50	2.89
高密度试件	0.001	3.80	0.55	4.24
	500	4.73	0.49	5.36
	1000	4.85	0.48	5.42

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表 2 不同密度的泡沫铝材料参数

Table 2. Material parameters of aluminum foam with different density

密度	${\sigma }_{{\rm{p}}}$ /MPa	$\gamma$	${\varepsilon }_{{\rm{D}}}$	$\alpha$	$\beta$	密度 $\rho /$ （kg/m³）	弹性模量/MPa ${E}_{{\rm{AAU}}}={E}_{{\rm{BBU}}}={E}_{{\rm{CCU}}}$	剪切模量/MPa ${G}_{{\rm{AAU}}}={G}_{{\rm{BBU}}}={G}_{{\rm{CCU}}}$	应力应变曲线
低	0.97	−1.4	0.77	1.28	1.17	216	300	300	图7（a）
高	4.34	−10.1	0.82	8.46	1.23	340	800	800	图7（b）

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表 3 应变率模型标定系数

Table 3. Calibrated coefficients of the strain-rate model

泡沫铝	b	e	相关系数（R²）
低密度	5.969 × 10⁶	0.485	0.999
高密度	2.112 × 10⁸	0.248	0.992

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