Study on Characteristics of Water Seepage in Chest of Leshan Giant Buddha
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摘要:
为给乐山大佛渗水病害治理及后期保护研究提供科学依据，本研究首次对乐山大佛渗水及大气降水进行定量监测采样，分析大佛渗水来源及其特征，并结合水化学性质和岩石组成对“大佛砂岩”风化机理进行了研究. 研究表明：乐山大佛胸部渗水在平水期与枯水期主要补给来源为地下水，丰水期主要补给来源为大气降水；大佛胸部渗水含有大量溶解质组分，pH平均值为7.70，2009年之后乐山市降水年平均pH＞5.60且逐年增高，至2015年全年降水pH平均值大于7.00，降水已由酸性转为碱性；大佛胸部渗水水化学类型为碳酸盐类-钙组-Ⅱ型与硫酸盐类-钙组-Ⅲ型，阳离子以Ca2 + 为主，阴离子以SO42− 与HCO3− 为主；大佛胸部岩石主要成分为CaCO3和SiO2，在空气和水存在的情况下容易发生溶蚀，岩石风化对大佛渗水中离子贡献超过90%，H2CO3与H2SO4共同参与了“大佛砂岩”的风化.
Abstract:In order to provide a scientific basis for water seepage control and later protection research of Leshan Giant Buddha, this study conducts quantitative monitoring and sampling of water seepage and atmospheric precipitation of Leshan Giant Buddha for the first time, analyzes the source and characteristics of water seepage, and studies the weathering mechanism of sandstone combined with water chemical properties and rock composition.The study shows that groundwater is the main source of water supply to water seepage in the chest of Leshan Giant Buddha during the level and dry periods, and atmospheric precipitation is the main source of water supply during the wet period. Abundant solute compositions are found in water seepage samples, with the pH value being 7.70. Since 2009, the annual average pH value of precipitation in Leshan City is higher than 5.60 and increases year by year. Until 2015, the annual average pH value of precipitation is higher than 7.00, and the precipitation has changed from acidic to alkaline. The hydrochemical type of water seepage in the chest of Leshan Giant Buddha is carbonate-calcium-type Ⅱ and sulfate-calcium-type Ⅲ. The cation is mainly Ca2 + , and the anion is SO42− and HCO3−. The rock in the chest of Leshan Giant Buddha is mainly composed of CaCO3 and SiO2. Therefore, the rock is prone to being corroded after being exposed to air and water. Rock weathering contributes more than 90% of the ions in the seepage water sample, and H2CO3 and H2SO4 jointly affect the weathering of sandstone in Buddha.
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图 3 渗水量与降水强度随时间变化曲线
Figure 3. Variation curves of seepage water and rainfall intensity with time
图 4 乐山大佛降水历年pH变化
Figure 4. PH changes of Leshan Giant Buddha precipitation over the years
图 12 渗水 （Ca2 + + Mg2 + ）/（HCO3− + SO42−）当量比值
Figure 12. （Ca2 + + Mg2 + ）/（HCO3− + SO42−） of water seepage
表 1 渗水离子贡献
Table 1. Contributions to seepage ions
离子 渗水/
(mmol•L)−1大气降水/
(mmol•L)−1降水
贡献/%岩石风化
贡献/%Ca2 + 19.92 0.034 1 99 K + 0.88 0 0 100 Mg2 + 2.72 0 0 100 Na + 1.24 0.028 6 94 CI− 1.19 0.033 9 91 NO3− 1.80 0.018 14 86 HCO3− 1.07 0.031 11 89 SO42− 19.00 0.132 4 96 注：0代表离子浓度低于仪器检测限. 
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表 2 X射线荧光
Table 2. X-Ray fluorescence
% 样品 SiO2 CaO Al2O3 MgO Na2O K2O Fe2O 46B 55.41 13.28 9.87 2.08 1.46 1.96 2.59 46C 56.32 15.25 8.85 2.75 2.65 1.45 2.32 46D 56.32 15.25 8.85 2.75 2.65 1.45 2.32 46+B 49.53 15.06 9.81 2.77 1.54 1.69 2.73 46+C 52.35 13.16 10.54 2.26 1.60 1.89 2.94 46+D 52.54 13.52 10.28 2.02 1.63 1.78 3.08 47B 55.84 10.15 12.03 3.78 1.51 2.26 3.35 47C 50.36 9.99 14.31 2.75 1.45 1.79 2.85 47D 59.49 10.39 8.85 2.98 1.53 2.08 2.98 47+B 55.08 10.65 11.61 3.14 1.51 2.06 3.53 47+C 55.09 10.65 11.61 3.14 1.51 2.06 3.59 47+D 54.36 11.45 10.67 3.08 1.55 2.11 3.72 48B 55.62 11.49 10.29 2.04 1.57 1.86 2.66 48C 55.09 10.65 11.61 3.14 1.51 2.06 3.53 48D 54.36 10.67 11.45 3.08 1.55 2.11 3.72
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