Supercapacitor Thermal Behavior of Trams with Different Spatial Structures
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摘要: 为了减轻有轨电车超级电容模组因温度引起的性能衰减，基于超级电容器的单体结构，研究单体不同空间结构对超级电容模组热行为的影响. 首先，建立超级电容电化学-热耦合模型，并搭建实验平台验证模型的有效性；其次，定义“自然对流换热比表面积”，通过最高温度、最大温差、单体温度波动率和空间利用率4个指标对截面为3 × 6、2 × 9的长方体结构、截面为4 × 4的正方体结构和六面体结构的超级电容模组的温度特性和体积特征进行评估. 研究表明：气流路径的长度、对流换热比表面积以及强制对流换热的单体数量会影响散热的效果，具有短而宽流动路径的空间结构冷却效果更好；正方体结构是冷却效果和均温方面的最优选择；对于空间利用率和冷却效率而言，六面体结构是最佳选择.Abstract: In order to relieve supercapacitor module degradation in trams due to temperatures, the influence of spatial structures on the thermal behavior of the supercapacitor module was studied on the basis of the single unit structure of the supercapacitor. Firstly, the supercapacitor electrochemical-thermal coupling model was established, and the experimental platform was built to validate the model. Secondly, the surface area of natural convection heat transfer was defined. The temperature and volumetric characteristics of supercapacitor modules in the forms of 3 × 6 rectangle, 2 × 9 rectangle, 4 × 4 cube and hexagon, were evaluated by four indexes including the maximum temperature, maximum temperature difference, single temperature fluctuation and space utilization. This work shows that the length of the airflow path, surface area of natural convection heat transfer, and the number of the units with forced convection heat transfer will affect heat dissipation effect. The space structure with short and wide flow path has better cooling effect; the cubic structure is the best choice in terms of cooling effect and temperature uniformity; and the hexagonal structure is the best choice as regard to space utilization and cooling efficiency.
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Key words:
- tram /
- supercapacitor /
- spatial structure /
- temperature characteristics /
- volumetric characteristics
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表 1 超级电容仿真参数
Table 1. Supercapacitor simulation parameters
名称 恒压热容/
（J•（kg•℃）−1）密度/
（kg•m−3）导热系数/
（W•（m•K）−1）铝壳 2 700 900 238 空气区 1.23 1 006.43 0.03 正负极柱 2 700 900 238 隔膜 930 1 900 0.38 电解液 2 141 1 205 0.16 多孔电极 700 700 5 
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表 2 仿真与实验结果对比
Table 2. Comparison of simulation and experimental results
验证方式 Tmax/℃ ΔTmax/℃ 实验 66.20 16.50 仿真 67.12 16.65 相对误差/% 1.38 0.90
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表 3 不同结构的温度特性与体积特征
Table 3. Temperature and volumetric characteristics of different structures
排列结构 Tmax/℃ ΔTmax/℃ δ/% Ct/% 2 × 9 56.64 7.32 65.57 0.11 3 × 6 54.10 6.60 65.54 0.14 4 × 4 47.38 3.00 64.83 0.07 六面体 53.10 7.75 74.52 0.09
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