精细建筑物碎片化纹理优化的二维装箱方法

朱庆; 张琳琳; 胡翰; 翁其强; 丁雨淋; 李赟; 张叶廷

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20190103

精细建筑物碎片化纹理优化的二维装箱方法

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20190103

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（41631174，61602392，41871314）；国土资源部城市地监测与仿真重点实验室开放课题（KF-2016-02-022，KF-2016-02-021）；广东省科技计划项目（2017B010117006）

详细信息

作者简介:
朱庆（1966—），男，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为摄影测量、地理信息系统、虚拟地理环境，E-mail： zhuq66@263.net

中图分类号: P231
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-02-26
- 修回日期: 2019-08-26
- 网络出版日期: 2020-11-23
- 刊出日期: 2021-04-15

2D Bin Packing Method for Fragmented Textures Optimization of Detailed Building Model

摘要

摘要: 为了解决精细建筑物模型大量碎片化纹理造成模型加载时间长和实时渲染效率低的问题，提出一种精细建筑物碎片化纹理优化的二维装箱方法. 计算共用纹理并集区域，优化冗余纹理内容，并同时顾及超出常规坐标[0，1.0]范围的异常纹理；使用二维装箱算法对优化后的离散纹理进行封装，降低纹理数量；利用纹理映射和纹理集技术将优化后的纹理重映射到建筑物表面，然后对建筑群进行实验.研究结果表明：使用本文方法，纹理数据量减少了71.20%，纹理文件数量减少了99.37%，模型载入耗时减少了98.86%，图像处理器耗时减少了63.06%，并可有效避免因异常纹理坐标导致的纹理错误映射问题，同时也提高了数据格式的兼容性.
- 纹理集 /
- 纹理优化 /
- 精细建筑物模型 /
- 二维装箱 /
- 渲染帧率
Abstract: To solve the problem of long loading time and low real-time rendering efficiency caused by large amount of fragmented textures of the detailed building model, a 2D bin packing method for fragmented textures optimization of the detailed building model was presented. The union regions of shared textures were calculated, the redundant textures content were optimized, and the abnormal textures beyond the normal coordinates [0, 1.0] were taken into account at the same time. The 2D bin packing algorithm was employed to encapsulate the optimized textures to reduce the textures number. The texture mapping and texture atlas techniques were used to remap the optimized textures to the building surface, then, experiments were carried out on the building complex. The results show that the amount of textures data reduce by 71.20%, the number of textures files reduce by 99.37%, the time required for model loading reduce by 98.86%, the time consumption of central processing unit reduce by 63.06%, and the problem of textures mapping error caused by abnormal textures coordinates can be avoided effectively, at the same time the data format compatibility can be improved.
- texture atlas /
- texture optimization /
- detailed building model /
- 2D bin packing /
- frame rate of rendering

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图 1 算法流程

Figure 1. Algorithm flowchart

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图 2 纹理更新

Figure 2. Textures updating

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图 3 正常纹理去冗余流程

Figure 3. Flow of redundant normal textures eliminating

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图 4 异常纹理去冗余流程

Figure 4. Flow of redundant abnormal textures eliminating

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图 5 纹理更新问题

Figure 5. Problem of textures updating

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图 6 坐标预处理

Figure 6. Preprocessing of texture coordinates

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图 7 剩余区域分割示意

Figure 7. Partition of residual region

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图 8 自由矩形选择示意

Figure 8. Selection of free rectangle

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图 9 纹理合并打包

Figure 9. Textures Packing

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图 10 模型中的异常纹理

Figure 10. Abnormal textures in models

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图 11 建筑群模型

Figure 11. Building complex model

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表 1 原始模型纹理数据统计结果

Table 1. Statistics results of original model textures data

模型名称	纹理文件个数百分比/%
模型名称	1 KB	2 KB	3 KB	4 KB
模型 1	68.70	17.00	5.90	2.00
模型 2	47.00	11.60	4.50	5.20
模型 3	47.20	21.70	11.10	4.40
模型 4	44.80	35.00	9.40	8.30
模型 5	42.00	29.20	1.09	60.00
模型 6	44.90	26.30	7.70	4.10
模型 7	50.80	25.10	3.80	2.70
模型 8	39.60	24.70	6.10	4.80

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表 2 纹理数据对比结果

Table 2. Textures data comparison MB

模型名称	纹理数据量
模型名称	原始模型	MaxRectsBinPack	本文方法
模型 1	2.17	1.71	1.43
模型 2	5.54	2.08	1.11
模型 3	1.29	1.25	1.24
模型 4	1.53	1.55	1.55
模型 5	5.24	3.96	3.73
模型 6	36.00	24.51	4.77
模型 7	1.74	0.75	0.54
模型 8	7.53	4.21	3.21
纹理数据量总和	61.04	40.02	17.58

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表 3 载入与绘制效率对比

Table 3. Load and draw efficiency comparison

方法	纹理文件数量	载入耗时/s	GPU 耗时/ms	渲染帧率/fps
原始模型	4281	225.00	4.25	60.14
MaxRectsBinPack	125	9.85	2.28	59.98
本文方法	27	2.56	1.57	60.00

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表 4 算法效率对比（耗时）

Table 4. Algorithm efficiency comparison (time) s

模型名称	MaxRectsBinPack		本文方法
模型名称	纹理合并	纹理重映射	纹理去冗余	纹理合并	纹理重映射
模型 1	24.98	0.62	2.98	17.32	0.82
模型 2	20.33	0.28	1.31	2.60	0.25
模型 3	4.12	0.41	1.21	4.00	0.28
模型 4	3.82	0.27	1.41	3.05	0.36
模型 5	162.14	1.36	9.24	111.33	2.16
模型 6	124.35	2.29	22.77	282.30	4.00
模型 7	6.77	0.30	0.91	5.98	0.29
模型 8	8.64	0.49	4.66	3.73	0.59

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