Autonomous Operation Mode of Aircrafts in Tube Air Corridor
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摘要: 为了提升管型航路内航空器运行效率，降低飞行延误和冲突，首先选取了定速、超越和自由3种典型自主运行模式，并分析了其特点；其后，建立了管型航路中航空器自主运行仿真模型，并采用蒙特卡洛仿真与机器学习相结合的方法，分析了自主运行模式中关键变量的相关性；最后，以北京首都机场—广州白云机场高空航路为实例，建立了各衡量指标回归模型，并对3种模式典型指标进行了敏感性分析. 研究结果表明：自由模式中的吞吐量和总延误时间指标相对较好，但冲突率相对较高，冲突率最小值为0.036 1；超越模式中各项指标相对折衷，其航路资源的利用率不如自由模式，吞吐量约为自由模式的61.89%；定速模式中的航空器缺乏调整速度和间隔的调整能力，受航空器的初始间隔影响较为明显.Abstract: To improve the operational efficiency of aircrafts in tube air corridor, reduce flight delays and conflicts, three representative aircraft operation modes were analyzed including, the speed-based mode, speed-independent mode and self-separation mode. Then, an autonomous operation model was built by simulation, and the correlation between important variables in the model were analyzed in a way of combining the Monte Carlo simulation and machine learning. Finally, the upper air route between Beijing Capital Airport and Guangzhou Baiyun Airport was selected as a study case. The regression models for all metrics were established and sensitivity analysis was conducted for the typical metrics of three modes. The results show that in the self-separation mode throughput and delay time are desirable while the conflict rate is relatively high with a minimum of 0.0361. The speed-independent mode leads to moderate results, which implies a low utilization of route resource with about 61.89% throughput of the self-separation mode. The speed-based mode lacks the functions of speed and separation adjustment, which is obviously affected by the initial separation.
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表 1 FL350高度层上标准大气数据
Table 1. Standard atmospheric data on FL350
高度/m 温度/℃ 气压/Pa 密度/（kg•m−3） 音速/kn 10 668 −54.3 23 800 0.379 6 576 
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表 2 航空器运行状态定义
Table 2. Definition for aircraft operating states
运行状态 定义描述 目标速度 航空器按最佳巡航速度飞行状态，也被设定为航空器初始状态，存在于各模式 指定速度 航道中航空器按指定速度飞行的状态，存在于定速模式 速度调整 航空器通过调整速度，自主保持与前方航空器间隔，存在于超越模式和自由模式 超越 航空器借助超越航道超越前方航空器的状态，存在于超越模式和自由模式 航路脱离 航空器为保障运行安全而脱离管型航路的状态，存在于超越模式和自由模式 锁定 为避免航空器同时换道或脱离的安全保护状态，属于一种复合状态，存在于超越模式和自由模式 航道变更 航空器为保障运行安全或实现超越进行航道变更的状态，存在于自由模式
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表 3 自主运行模式仿真模型主要变量
Table 3. Variable definitions for simulation model in autonomous operation mode
变量 定义描述 初始间
隔/n mile航空器进入管型航路时与前方航空器保持的初始间隔，其值为随机变量 最小间
隔/n mile航空器在自主运行时与前方航空器所应保持的最小安全纵向间隔 缓冲间
隔/n mile考虑运行随机性和安全性，在最小间隔上额外增加的缓冲距离 目标间
隔/n mile航空器在自主运行时与前方航空器保持的目标间隔 速度差阈
值/kn当航空器选择航道变更或超越前方航空器时的参考速度差值 变更间
隔/n mile当航空器选择航道变更或超越前方航空器时的参考距离差值 距离阈
值/n mile当航空器选择按目标速度飞行或调整速度时，与前方航空器参考距离阈值
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表 4 定速模式相关性分析
Table 4. Correlation analysis for speed-based mode
变量类型 吞吐量 r 延误 r 初始间隔 −0.654 0.998 缓冲间隔 −0.236 0.150
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表 5 超越模式相关性分析
Table 5. Correlation analysis for speed-independent mode
变量类型 吞吐量 r 延误 r 冲突率 r 初始间隔 −0.684 0.670 −0.303 缓冲间隔 −0.537 0.362 0.282 最小间隔 −0.578 0.589 −0.046 距离阈值 0.025 −0.331 −0.024 换道距离 0.088 0.087 0.539 速度阈值 −0.076 −0.014 −0.061
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表 6 自由模式相关性分析
Table 6. Correlation analysis for self-separation mode
变量类型 吞吐量 r 延误 r 冲突率 r 初始间隔 −0.626 0.520 −0.781 缓冲间隔 −0.506 0.777 −0.195 最小间隔 −0.697 0.567 −0.083 距离阈值 0.011 −0.130 −0.507 换道距离 0.001 0.002 0.007 速度阈值 −0.013 0.003 −0.006
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表 7 自主运行模式仿真实验参数值
Table 7. Parameter values in simulation of autonomous operation mode
参数 初始数据 类型 模拟次数/次 10 常量 航空器数量/架次 4 096 常量 时间步长/s 6 常量 初始间隔（均值）/n mile 6～15 随机变量 缓冲间隔/n mile 1～10 变量 最小间隔/n mile 5～14 变量 初始速度/kn 巡航速度 变量 距离阈值/n mile 8 变量 目标间隔/n mile 7 变量 变更距离/n mile 12 变量 目标速度/kn 巡航速度 变量 速度阈值/kn 80 变量 高度/m 11 000 常量
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