Adaptive Web 3D Visualization Method for Diverse Terminals
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摘要: 随着移动互联网的快速发展，三维GIS （geographic information system）应用的用户终端设备类型日趋多样化，现有单一的网络可视化方法难以适应多样化终端需求.针对上述问题，本文首先设计了基于B/S （browser/server）模式的自适应三维可视化架构，然后重点探讨三维数据的多样化组织、自适应四叉树组织与动态索引构建、三维场景自适应调度等关键技术，最后基于WebGL技术构建原型系统并进行案例实验.实验结果表明：桌面端设备笔记本电脑的可视化渲染帧率最终稳定在40 帧/s左右；移动端设备平板电脑、智能手机的可视化渲染帧率最终稳定在20 帧/s左右；不同类型终端上进行网络可视化均能保证较高的可视化帧率及效果，证明了本文提出方法的有效性与可行性.Abstract: With the rapid development of mobile Internet, terminals of 3D GIS (geographic information system) applications have become more and more diverse. The current web visualization methods can hardly meet the requirements of diverse terminals. To solve this problem, an adaptive visualization architecture based on the B/S (browser/server) model was designed. Then some key technologies were explored, such as the diverse organization of 3D data, adaptive quad-tree organization, construction of dynamic index and adaptive scheduling of 3D scene. Finally, a prototype system was developed on the basis of WebGL. The experimental results show that the rendering frame rate of the laptop computer is eventually stable at more than 40 frame per seconds, that of the smartphone and tablet computer is eventually stable at more than 20 frame per seconds, and web visualization on diverse terminals can be ensured with high visual efficiency and effects, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Key words:
- diverse terminal /
- adaptive visualization /
- 3D Web GIS /
- diverse data organization /
- adaptive scheduling
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图 1 面向多样化终端的自适应三维可视化B/S架构
Figure 1. Adaptive 3D visualization based on B/S structure for diverse terminals
图 4 多样化终端上自适应可视化实时渲染帧率
Figure 4. Real-time rendering frame rate of adaptive visualization on diverse terminals
图 5 笔记本电脑与平板电脑上自适应网络三维可视化效果
Figure 5. 3D scenes of adaptive Web 3D visualization on laptop computer and tablet computer
图 7 安卓手机上自适应网络三维可视化效果
Figure 7. 3D scenes of adaptive Web 3D visualization on Android smart phone
表 1 空间索引属性
Table 1. Properties of spatial index
属性 属性含义说明 BoundingVolume 当前节点的包围盒空间范围 GeometricError 当前节点渲染时的几何误差 Children 当前节点的子节点集合 Content 当前节点包含的三维模型内容 
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表 2 实验终端设备硬件配置
Table 2. Hardware configuration of experimental terminals
设备类型 屏幕尺寸/（× 2.54 cm） 操作系统 CPU GPU 运行内存/GB 笔记本电脑 15.6 Windows10 Intel Core i7/2.6 GHZ NVIDA Geforce960M 16 平板电脑 7.9 iOS 9 苹果A8/1.5 GHZ Power VR SGX544 2 苹果手机 4.7 iOS10.3 苹果A9/1.8 GHZ Power VR GT7600 2 安卓手机 5.2 Android6.0 Kirin955/1.8 GHZ Mali-T880 3
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表 3 各LOD层次模型纹理分辨率及DOM、DEM分辨率
Table 3. Resolutions of LODs models，DOM and DEM
终端 DOM DEM LOD0 LOD1 LOD2 LOD3 LOD4 LOD5 桌面 256 × 256 64 × 64 256 × 256 128 × 128 64 × 64 空白纹理 移动 128 × 128 64 × 64 256 × 256 128 × 128 64 × 64 32 × 32 16 × 16 空白纹理
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表 4 各LOD层次模型几何误差阈值
Table 4. Geometric error thresholds of LODs models
设备类型 LOD0 LOD1 LOD2 LOD3 LOD4 LOD5 笔记本电脑 150 75 50 37.5 平板电脑 90 45 30 22.5 18 智能手机 60 30 20 15 12
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表 5 三维场景中各LOD层次模型及DOM、DEM初始数据量、数据比例
Table 5. Initial data amount and data amount proportion，of LODs models，DOM and DEM in 3D scene
设备类型 网络环境 总数据量/MB 数据量/MB，数据比例/% LOD0 LOD1 LOD2 LOD3 LOD4 LOD5 DOM+DEM 笔记本电脑 有线网络 47.43 16.39 , 12.66 , 7.37 , 2.78 , 8.22 , 34.55 26.69 15.54 5.86 17.36 WIFI网络 47.39 16.39 , 12.66 , 7.37 , 2.78 , 8.18 , 34.58 26.71 15.55 5.87 17.29 平板电脑 WIFI网络 18.17 2.79 , 2.68 , 4.27 , 3.09 , 0.86 , 4.48 , 15.35 14.75 23.5 17.01 4.73 24.66 苹果手机 WIFI网络 16.03 2.52 , 2.43 , 3.67 , 2.43 , 0.82 , 4.16 , 15.72 15.16 22.89 15.16 5.12 25.95 4G网络 15.87 2.48 , 2.42 , 3.63 , 2.43 , 0.8 , 4.11 , 15.59 15.23 22.89 15.33 5.05 25.91 安卓手机 WIFI网络 15.28 2.34 , 2.44 , 3.27 , 2.49 , 0.9 , 3.85 , 15.32 15.97 21.37 16.29 5.88 25.17 4G网络 14.91 2.28 , 2.33 , 3.28 , 2.43 , 0.8 , 3.79 , 15.28 15.61 22.04 16.3 5.36 25.41
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表 6 三维场景中各LOD层次模型及DOM、DEM数据量、数据比例、响应时间
Table 6. Data amount，data amount proportion and response time of LODs models，DOM and DEM in 3D scene
设备类型 网络环境 总数据量/MB 响应时间/s 数据量/MB，数据比例/% LOD0 LOD1 LOD2 LOD3 LOD4 LOD5 DOM+DEM 笔记本电脑 有线网络 46.96 11.14 14.15， 11.3， 9.64， 3.59， 8.28， 30.13 24.06 20.53 7.64 17.64 WIFI网络 46.44 17.72 13.07， 11.02， 9.22， 4.88， 8.25， 28.14 23.73 19.85 10.51 17.76 平板电脑 WIFI网络 17.44 31.68 1.88， 2.3， 4.61， 2.92， 1.17， 4.56， 10.77 13.19 26.44 16.74 6.71 26.15 苹果手机 WIFI网络 15.68 22.96 1.95， 1.99， 3.15， 2.88， 1.37， 4.34， 12.43 12.69 20.09 18.37 8.74 27.68 4G网络 15.73 24.36 1.88， 2.02， 3.33， 2.88， 1.36， 4.25， 11.98 12.82 21.21 18.29 8.64 27.06 安卓手机 WIFI网络 14.92 26.25 1.53， 1.96， 3.17， 2.73， 1.35， 4.18， 10.26 13.11 21.23 18.32 9.06 28.02 4G网络 14.58 27.48 1.45， 1.91， 3.32， 2.61， 1.30， 4.00， 9.93 13.08 22.77 17.87 8.89 27.46
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