Present Situation and Prospect of Evacuated Tube Transportation System
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摘要: 作为一种新型交通系统，真空管道运输系统将悬浮列车技术和低气压管道技术相结合，理论上能够最大限度地减小列车高速运行时的摩擦阻力和气动阻力.为了促进真空管道运输系统的发展，从基本原理角度，系统论述了真空管道运输系统的可行性及车辆、管道、驱动装置等子系统关键构成，指出了其快速、便捷、安全、环保和高效等优势；介绍了国内外真空管道运输系统的研究现状，包括美国ET3、美国Hyperloop、瑞士超高速地铁Swissmetro，以及西南交通大学真空管道高温超导磁悬浮车试验平台，比较分析了各单位在车辆、管道、驱动装置及造价等方面的技术特点和优势；展望了当前发展真空管道运输系统亟需解决的关键问题，并指出车轨作用、高速直线牵引、气动和散热、管道密封以及管道内通信、救援这几个方面是今后需要重点研究的领域.Abstract: As a new type of transit system, the evacuated tube transportation system, combining magnetic levitation train technology and low-air-pressure tube technology, theoretically decreases friction and aerodynamic drag of high-speed trains as much as possible. In order to promote the evacuated tube transportation development, from the point of view of fundamental principles, the feasibility and the key components of vehicle, tube and propulsion were systematically discussed. Meanwhile, its advantages such as fast, convenience, safety, environmental protection and high efficiency were pointed out. The research status of the evacuated tube transportation system was introduced, including the ET3 (America), the Hyperloop (America), the Swiss Super High-speed Metro Swissmetro, and the evacuated tube high temperature superconducting maglev vehicle test platform of Southwest Jiaotong University. Their technical characteristics and advantages in vehicle, tube, propulsion device and cost were compared and analyzed. The key development and research issues which need to be urgently solved were prospected, such as train/track interaction, high-speed linear propulsion, aerodynamics and heat dissipation, tube sealing, in-pipe communication and rescue.
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图 2 日本低温超导EDS列车
Figure 2. Low-temperature superconducting electrodynamic suspension train in Japan
图 3 中国高温超导磁悬浮列车“世纪号”
Figure 3. High temperature superconducting maglev vehicle“Century”in China
图 8 真空管道高温超导磁悬浮车实验平台Super-Maglev
Figure 8. Experimental facility named Super-Maglev for evacuated tube transport with high temperature superconducting maglev vehicle
表 1 几种悬浮技术的对比
Table 1. Comparison of several suspension technologies
项目 悬浮技术 常导磁悬浮 低温超导磁悬浮 高温超导磁悬浮 气动悬浮 路轨要求 高 较高 低 极高 控制系统 复杂 较复杂 简单 难以控制 悬浮状态 须耗能 低速需轮轨 静止悬浮 依靠气膜悬浮 悬浮高度/mm 8 100 10~30 0.5~1.3 成本 高 高 低 低 
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表 2 各种运输系统能耗及成本对比
Table 2. Comparison of consumption and cost among several transport systems
指标 运输系统 水路 公路 铁路 民航 单位能耗/（×103 kg•t−1•km−1） 9 64 10 434 单位成本/（×103 元•t−1•km−1） 19 219 22 2 800
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表 3 ET3、Swissmetro和Hyperloop系统参数对照
Table 3. Parameters comparison among ET3，Swissmetro and Hyperloop system
系统 车辆 管道 其它 规划 悬浮类型 形状 尺寸/m 车重/t 承载人数/位 结构 位置 材料 气压/kPa 驱动装置 供电装置 经费 试验线路及线路长度/km 最高时速/（km•h−1） ET3 磁悬浮 胶囊小车 直径1.30，长4.80 183×10−3 6 双向 10.13 直线电机 供电网和蓄电池 140万美元/km，2.8万美元/辆 纽约—好莱坞，
4 6006 500 Swissmetro 电磁悬浮 列车 直径3.50，长200.00 100 800 双向并行 地下隧道 钢筋混凝土管片 10.13 直线电机 供电网和蓄电池 50亿瑞士法郎 日内瓦—洛桑，63 500 Hyperloop 气动悬浮 Hyperloop 宽1.35，高1.10 15 28 双向并行 高架桥 金属 0.10 电动空气压缩机 太阳能和蓄电池 60亿美元 加州5号公路沿线，8 1 220
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表 4 Super-Maglev具体参数
Table 4. Super-Maglev parameters
管道直径/m 长度/m 气压
/kPa实验速度/（km•h−1） 牵引制动 2.0 45.0，环形；弯道半径6.0，直线段长度3.6 101.0～
10.10～50 直线感应电机配合机械混合制动
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