Experimental Study on Couse of Progressive Formation of Retrogressive Landslide
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摘要: 为深入研究牵引式滑坡渐进失稳机理，研发了能够模拟滑坡体分段失稳滑动的试验装置.装置主体由若干渗透盒组成，能够构成各种几何形状的分段式滑面；通过向不同分段组合的渗透盒注水，可使滑带分阶段饱水软化，滑带土抗剪强度降低，引发滑体分级失稳滑动，从而实现牵引式滑坡渐进破坏过程的模拟.共设计12种试验方案，模拟了不同几何特性的滑面和坡面线以及多种坡体材料；从前至后分段软化滑带，形成分级失稳滑块，观测滑坡体变形特征及后缘破裂面形态.研究结果表明：各级失稳滑带分别对应1条主裂缝，滑体性质和坡面形态对滑坡体破坏趋势影响较大，两段线坡面形态的坡体变形最为显著；后缘面破裂倾角一般为陡倾角，其中77.42%的倾角值集中在58°~88°范围内，失稳的第1级滑带越短或坡面形态和滑面形态越陡，后缘面破裂倾角越大.Abstract: To study the progressive failure mechanism of retrogressive landslides, a test device was developed to simulate the sectional unstable sliding of landslide mass. The main body of the device was composed of several permeable boxes, and could simulate sectional sliding surfaces with different geometric shapes. The sliding zone could be softened in multiple stages by the injection of water into different permeable boxes. This caused a reduction in the shear strength of the soil in the sliding zone, which led to graded instability sliding of the landslide mass. In this manner, the progressive failure process of the retrogressive landslide could be simulated. Twelve types of test schemes were designed, and sliding surfaces and slope lines of different shapes, as well as various slope materials, were used in the simulations. The sliding zone was softened gradually from the front to the rear, forming unstable sliding sections, and then the deformation characteristics of the landslide and the shapes of the trailing-edge fractures were observed. The results show that the unstable slip section at every level corresponds to one main fracture. The properties of the sliding mass and the shapes of the slope have a significant influence on the progressive failure mechanism of the landslide. The slops in a two-section slope shape the most obvious slope deformation. The inclinations of the trailing edge are generally steep dip angles, and 77.42%of the dip angles are in the rang of 58°-88°. The inclination of the trailing edge increases as the length of the first unstable sliding zone decreases or the slope shape and sliding surface are steeper.
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表 1 试验方案设计表
Table 1. Test scheme design table
方案 砂土比 坡体形态 滑动分段(按渗透盒编号) 滑体 滑带 滑面线 坡面线 1 10:1 2:1 圆弧型 多段线 2+3/4+5/6+7/8+9 2 10:1 2:1 圆弧型 多段线 2+3+4/5+6+7/8+9 3 10:1 0:1 圆弧型 多段线 2+3/4+5/6+7/8+9 4 10:1 1:1 圆弧型 多段线 2+3+4/5+6+7/8+9 5 10:1 2:1 圆弧型 多段线 2+3+4+5/6+7+8+9 6 10:1 2:1 圆弧型 多段线 2+3+4+5+6/7+8+9 7 2:1 2:1 圆弧型 多段线 2+3+4+5+6/7+8+9 8 2:1 2:1 圆弧型 两段线 2+3+4/5+6+7/8+9 9 2:1 2:1 圆弧型 三段线 2+3+4/5+6+7/8+9 10 2:1 2:1 折线型 两段线 2+3+4/5+6+7/8+9 11 2:1 2:1 直线型(30°) 两段线 2+3+4/5+6+7/8+9 12 2:1 2:1 直线型(20°) 两段线 2+3+4/5+6+7/8+9 
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表 2 模型土物理力学参数表
Table 2. Physical and mechanical parameters of model soil
方案 γ/(kN·m-3) e Es/MPa c/kPa φ/(°) 1 15.50/14.19 0.88/1.05 11.47/8.12 1.38/11.87 27.32/24.85 2 16.66/14.03 0.75/1.08 12.54/11.28 2.68/11.04 25.64/18.87 3 16.97/13.87 0.72/1.13 12.03/4.54 3.16/32.58 26.31/19.12 4 17.05/14.35 0.71/1.03 10.38/6.57 3.47/22.21 24.32/23.93 5 17.28/14.21 0.68/1.05 13.56/8.85 2.04/10.69 23.87/19.74 6 17.61/13.39 0.65/1.18 12.18/7.68 2.91/11.74 25.10/20.02 7 14.22/14.01 1.04/1.08 8.21/7.86 12.43/12.37 24.85/22.14 8 13.74/13.36 1.13/1.18 8.02/7.64 11.45/12.23 20.19/21.78 9 13.58/13.61 1.14/1.14 7.98/7.64 13.01/12.57 19.68/18.29 10 14.75/13.54 0.97/1.15 8.24/8.17 12.34/10.38 18.66/20.05 11 14.96/13.89 0.94/1.09 8.36/7.44 11.57/12.07 20.03/20.41 12 13.17/14.08 1.21/1.07 8.33/8.16 12.36/12.24 20.38/19.64 注:表中各组前后数据分别表示滑体土和滑带土参数, 如:15.51/14.19, 分别表示滑体土、滑带土的天然重度.
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表 3 后缘面破裂倾角试验值
Table 3. Inclinations of trailing edge of test values
方案 工况1 工况2 工况3 渗透盒 破裂倾角/(°) 渗透盒 破裂倾角/(°) 渗透盒 破裂倾角/(°) 1 2+3 71 4+5 79 6+7 58 2 2+3+4 68 5+6+7 81 8+9 77 3 2+3 75 4+5 71 6+7 74 4 2+3+4 73 5+6+7 68 8+9 67 5 2+3+4+5 64 6+7+8+9 59 6 2+3+4+5+6 59 7+8+9 78 7 2+3+4 69 5+6+7 77 8+9 72 8 2+3+4 70 5+6+7 88 8+9 93 9 2+3+4 95 5+6+7 94 8+9 75 10 2+3+4 99 5+6+7 86 8+9 87 11 2+3+4 115 5+6+7 100 8+9 93 12 2+3+4 112 5+6+7 84 8+9 91
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