Review of Bridge Foundation Scour
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摘要: 冲刷是导致桥梁结构破坏的关键因素之一，从机理、计算、模型、探测及防护、承载及变形等5个方面较为系统地对桥梁基础冲刷的研究和实践进行了综述. 首先，在总结现有桥梁基础冲刷机理的基础上，对比分析了已有冲刷计算公式，阐明不同公式的局限性；随后，通过综述桥梁基础冲刷在试验和数值方面的研究，指出模型试验及数值模拟方法存在的不足和问题；此外，讨论了桥梁基础冲刷探测方法及主要的冲刷防护措施，比较了各种探测方法的优缺点及各种防护措施的作用原理，概述了冲刷对桥墩承载及变形特性的影响；最后，指出了桥梁基础冲刷方面值得进一步研究的问题和发展方向.Abstract: Scour is one of the key causes of bridge failures. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current research on scour at bridge foundations from five aspects: mechanism, calculation, modelling, monitoring and countermeasures, load and deformation. Based on the mechanism of scour around bridge foundations, different formulae developed for calculating scour depth are compared and analysed, and the limitations of the existing formulae are summarized. The results of numerical and laboratory models established for the scour studies are presented, along with a summary of the experimental and simulation limits. Moreover, a summary of monitoring methods with their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the countermeasures with their mechanisms and the effects on lateral load and deformation of bridge pillars is given. Finally, the future research trends of bridge foundation scour are presented, which provides some reference for research, design, and construction.
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Key words:
- bridge foundation /
- scour /
- review /
- research status
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图 2 沉井基础附近涡流区和脊的细节
Figure 2. Details of vortex zones and ridge for flow around bridge pier with caisson
表 1 中美桥梁基础冲刷计算公式的优缺点对比
Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of calculation formulae of China and US
计算公式 优点 缺点 中国规范 清水冲刷和动床冲刷采用不同的计算公式，两者区分更加明显；修正式65-1和式65-2选择两者估算值中
最不利的一种；与现场实测数据结果的拟合较好.参数较多，且大部分参数的取值存在较大的不确定性；同一公式两边的量纲不一致，不同公式右侧的量纲也不相同，公式经验性极强；未考虑漂流物墩前聚集对桥墩局部冲刷的影响；复杂群桩桥墩冲刷的计算结果对设计和工程实际的参考价值有限. 美国规范 参数较少，简化，便于理解和应用；公式两边量纲一致，引入弗劳德数，使水力学方面的物理意义更明确；对于复杂群桩桥墩冲刷的叠加法，概念明确，实现了与简单桥墩冲刷的统一计算；能考虑漂浮物聚集对桥墩局部冲刷的影响. 未涉及河床泥沙颗粒对局部冲刷深度的影响，仅仅通过系数考虑河床地貌的影响；计算结果偏于保守；与现场实测数据的拟合误差较大. 
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表 2 桥梁基础冲刷现有测量仪器对比
Table 2. Comparison of existing instruments for monitoring bridge foundation scour
探测仪器 优点 缺点或局限性 相对成本 雷达 持续探测 操作耗时；需要专业培训 高 声纳 持续精确探测 平缓的河流 （河口） 中 声学多普勒电流分析仪 便携能测量速度分布和水深 不适用于泥沙浓度含量高的条件 高 FBG传感器 河床连续监测 现场测试成功率有限 高 编号的砖 易于获得；适用于高度湍流和快速流动 要求开挖河床；适用于临时河流 低 SMC 易于操作 要求开挖河床；高维护和修理费用 低 钢棒 易于操作 要求开挖河床；高维护和修理费用 低
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表 3 两种不同原理的冲刷措施对比
Table 3. Comparison between two different scour countermeasures
项目 主动防护 被动防护 原理 改变水流特性、破坏涡流，减少冲刷效应 铺设保护层，保护下层免受冲刷 工程措施 护圈、挡板、桥墩开缝、墩前排桩等 铺设防护层、抛石防护、扩大基础等 优点 可以为不同位置条件选择不同的设计以获得满意的结果 最常用；使用方便；在多数情况下效果好 缺点 特定的条件下需要特殊设计；成本增加和新结构的建设 难以保持保护层位置；引起额外的束缩冲刷
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