Control Strategy Based on State Machine for Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System
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摘要: 针对由2套大功率氢燃料电池、超级电容和动力电池所构成的有轨电车用混合动力系统，提出能够满足运行工况需求的状态机控制能量管理策略. 首先，以状态机为基础构架，将有轨电车的运行划分为牵引、惰行、制动和故障4种状态；接着研究了4种运行状态下的能量管理策略，牵引状态采用基于自适应放电系数的均压算法，惰行状态采用改进的最大效率点跟随算法；然后基于4种状态，进行了整车实际运行；最后对比分析了功率跟随策略、状态机控制策略的能耗和电池堆效率. 研究结果表明：基于自适应放电系数的均压算法能够保证2套超级电容在牵引状态中均匀放电，避免了单套超级电容过度使用的情况；改进的最大效率点跟随算法使得燃料电池的平均效率提高了3.91%；此外，状态机控制策略与功率跟随策略的电堆效率分别为61.89%、57.98%，前者比后者节约了3.2%的氢气.Abstract: For the hybrid tram power system that consists of two sets of high-power fuel cells, supercapacitors and power batteries, an energy management strategy based on state machine is proposed to meet the requirements of operating conditions. First of all, the state machine is adopted as the basic architecture, and the operating state of the tram is divided into four states: traction, coasting, braking and fault. Then the energy management strategies that correspond to four states are studied. The voltage equalization algorithm based on the adaptive discharge coefficient is used in the traction state; and in the coasting state, the improved maximum efficiency point tracking algorithm is used. Then, according to the four operating states, the actual operation of the tram is carried out. Finally, the power consumption and the fuel cell system efficiency between the state-machine based control strategy and power tracking strategy is compared. The results show that the voltage equalization algorithm enables two sets of supercapacitors to be uniformly discharged in the traction state, which avoids the overuse of a single set of supercapacitors. The improved maximum efficiency point tracking algorithm increase the average efficiency of the fuel cell by 3.91%. In addition, the stack efficiency of the state-machine based control strategy and the power tracking strategy is 61.89% and 57.98%, respectively, and the former saves 3.2% of hydrogen.
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Key words:
- fuel cell /
- supercapacitor /
- tram /
- state machine control
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图 3 两超级电容电压与放电系数的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between supercapacitor voltage and discharge coefficient
表 1 动力系统配置
Table 1. Power system configuration
参数名称 数值 燃料电池电压/V 440～710 燃料电池标称功率/kW 150 燃料电池电堆最大电流/A 320 超级电容电压/V 280～528 超级电容最大电流/A 700 超级电容容量/F 45 动力电池电压/V 279～396 动力电池最大电流/A 120 动力电池容量/A•h 20 储氢罐数量/个 4 储氢容量/kg 12 储氢压力/MPa 35 
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表 2 不同策略下氢耗量对比
Table 2. Comparison of hydrogen consumption under different strategies
策略 行驶距离/km 氢耗量/kg 平均氢耗量/(kg•km–1) 功率跟随 19.2 7.12 0.370 8 状态机控制 19.0 6.82 0.358 9
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