Experimental Study of Stick-Slip Behaviour of Dry Granular Materials
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摘要: 为了研究浅源地震的诱发机制，基于室内三轴试验，对颗粒材料的粘滑震动特性进行了分析. 采用颗粒直径为0.6～0.8 mm的玻璃珠，在围压为30、60、100、200、400 kPa和600 kPa的条件下，以0.02 mm/min的轴向应变速率，开展干燥、密实玻璃珠的固结不排水三轴压缩试验，结果表明：试样偏应力主震和偏应力应变间距随着围压的增大而增大；除了初始压密阶段外，体变-应变曲线中所有体积的突然收缩均与粘滑震动有关；在30、60、100 kPa围压条件下，围压-应变曲线中出现较多尖而窄的波峰和波谷；在200、400 kPa和600 kPa围压条件下，围压-应变曲线中只有尖而窄的波谷；玻璃珠类颗粒材料发生粘滑震动过程中既有静摩擦也有转动摩擦；颗粒之间应力链的连续变形和破坏是引起颗粒粘滑震动的根本原因.Abstract: The stick-slip characteristics of glass beads were analysed based on an indoor triaxial test to investigate the mechanism of shallow vibration. Glass beads with diameters of 0.6–0.8 mm were used to conduct consolidated and undrained triaxial tests under cell pressures of 30, 60, 100, 200, 400, and 600 kPa at an axial strain rate of 0.02 mm/min. The results show that the deviator drop and the interval strain between the maximum deviator drops increase with cell pressure. In addition to the first compaction, the volumetric strain drops in the volumetric curve are related to the stick-slip. Under confining stresses of 30, 60, and 100 kPa, a large number of sharp and narrow peaks and valleys appear in the curve of cell pressure versus strain. Only sharp and narrow valleys are observed under confining stresses of 200, 400, and 600 kPa. It is found that static friction and sliding friction affect the stick-slip characteristics of the glass beads by observing the surface of the glass beads before and after the triaxial compression test. Finally, the continuous deformation and destruction of the force chain between the glass beads are the causes of stick-slip in the glass beads.
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Key words:
- glass beads /
- stick-slip /
- vibration /
- deviatoric stress /
- force chain
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图 3 不同围压下玻璃珠偏应力与应变关系
Figure 3. Deviatoric stress versus axial strain under different cell pressures
图 4 应力-应变曲线中前震、主震和余震
Figure 4. Foreshock，main shock，and aftershock in stress-strain graph
图 6 偏应力降幅应变间隔与围压的关系
Figure 6. Interval time of strain between deviator drop versus cell pressure
图 7 玻璃珠体变与轴向应变关系（σc = 600 kPa）
Figure 7. Volumetric strain versus axial strain（σc = 600 kPa）
图 8 偏应力突降与体变突降的关系（σc = 400 kPa）
Figure 8. Abrupt deviator drop versus abrupt volumetric strain drop
图 9 体变最大降幅、偏应力最大降幅与不同围压的关系
Figure 9. Maximum volumetric strain drop and maximum deviator drop versus cell pressure
图 11 偏应力、体变、围压与轴向应变的关系图
Figure 11. Deviatoric stress，volumetric strain，and cell pressure versus axial strain
图 12 三轴试验前后玻璃珠表面特征
Figure 12. Surface characteristics of glass beads before and after triaxial test
图 13 颗粒材料中应力链破坏过程
Figure 13. Schematic of cracking process of force chain during granular shear
表 1 不同围压条件下试样的偏应力峰值强度和摩擦角
Table 1. Peak strengths and friction angles of glass beads under different cell pressures
编号 高度/mm 直径/mm 围压/kPa 峰值强度/kPa 摩擦角/（°） CU_D1 100 50 30 64.62 31.23 CU_D2 100 50 60 130.67 31.42 CU_D3 100 50 100 218.45 31.47 CU_D4 100 50 200 442.43 31.68 CU_D5 100 50 400 836.18 30.73 CU_D6 100 50 600 1299.31 31.32 
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表 2 不同围压下第1次出现粘滑震动的应变与偏应力降幅
Table 2. Deviator drop and strain of the first stick-slip
项目 围压/kPa 30 60 100 200 400 600 应变/% 1.33 1.17 0.90 0.81 0.67 0.87 偏应力降幅/kPa 1.18 3.02 38.72 123.95 385.70 332.95 Δq/σc/% 3.93 5.03 38.72 61.98 96.42 55.49
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表 3 不同围压下试样由压缩转为膨胀的应变点
Table 3. Volumetric strain turning point of glass beads under different cell pressures
项目 围压/kPa 30 60 100 200 400 600 最小压缩体变 –0.024 –0.120 –0.056 –0.053 –0.094 –0.140 轴向应变 0.069 0.305 0.145 0.148 0.210 0.340
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