Evolution of Weathering Characteristics of Building Limestone Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles

HONG Jie; ZHANG Yue; PENG Ningbo; HAO Rongrong; HUANG Jizhong

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20250132

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Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University > 2026 > Accepted Manuscript

HONG Jie, ZHANG Yue, PENG Ningbo, HAO Rongrong, HUANG Jizhong. Evolution of Weathering Characteristics of Building Limestone Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20250132

Citation:

HONG Jie, ZHANG Yue, PENG Ningbo, HAO Rongrong, HUANG Jizhong. Evolution of Weathering Characteristics of Building Limestone Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20250132

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Evolution of Weathering Characteristics of Building Limestone Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.20250132

HONG Jie^{1, 2
,},
ZHANG Yue^{1, 3
,
,},
PENG Ningbo^{3, 4},
HAO Rongrong¹,
HUANG Jizhong^{1, 3}

1.
School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
2.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Silicate Cultural Relics Conservation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
4.
Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an 223001, China

Received Date: 25 Mar 2025
Rev Recd Date: 05 Sep 2025

Available Online: 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Abstract

Freeze-thaw cycles are among the primary factors affecting the limestone cultural relics in northern China. These cycles often result in various forms of surface weathering, seriously threatening the long-term preservation of these cultural relics. Water immersion freeze-thaw simulation weathering experiments were conducted on fresh limestone. The development patterns of physical and mechanical property indicators were obtained by utilizing various characterization techniques. By examining variations in pore structure, the freeze-thaw damage mechanism of limestone was quantitatively revealed from both macro and micro scales, and a comprehensive evaluation of weathered limestone was performed using an entropy weight-linear weighting method. The results have shown that after 50 freeze-thaw cycles, the P-wave velocity and surface hardness significantly decrease, with a loss rate of over 10%. The capillary water absorption coefficient increases by more than one time; The uniaxial compressive strength decay rate was 30.6%. As the number of cycles increases, the structural integrity of the compressed limestone becomes worse. The pores of limestone are primarily composed of mesopores (0.1-1000 μm). Freeze-thaw cycles lead to an increase in both the number and volume of pores, accompanied by particle wear and the expansion of cracks. The mechanical-property half-life is a key parameter for evaluating limestone’s freeze-thaw resistance. A multivariate regression model based on non-destructive measurements can effectively predict the variation in uniaxial compressive strength. The capillary water absorption coefficient exhibits the greatest sensitivity to weathering damage. The introduction of an integrity index enables a multidimensional and quantitative assessment of the weathering severity of building limestone. The research findings provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the scientific understanding of limestone materials and the assessment of the current state of cultural relics’ weathering.
- water immersion freeze-thaw,
- damage mechanism,
- non-destructive testing,
- stone heritage,
- preventive conservation

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References(34)

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Evolution of Weathering Characteristics of Building Limestone Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles

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